location-based services ( LBS ) is a software-level service that uses location data to control features. As such, LBS is an information service and has a number of uses in today's social networks as information, entertainment or security, accessible by mobile devices over cellular networks and using information about the geographical position of mobile devices.
LBS can be used in a variety of contexts, such as health, indoor object search, entertainment, work, personal life, etc.
LBS is crucial for many businesses and government organizations to encourage real insights from data related to the particular location in which the activity takes place. Spatial patterns that location-related data and services can provide are one of the most powerful and useful aspects where location is a common denominator in all of these activities and can be used to better understand patterns and relationships.
LBS includes services to identify the location of a person or object, such as finding the nearest cash dispenser (ATM) or the presence of a friend or employee. LBS includes package tracking and vehicle tracking services. LBS may include mobile commerce when taking a coupon or customer-directed ad based on their current location. They include private weather services and even location based games. They are examples of telecommunications convergence.
The concept of this location-based system is incompatible with the concept of standard real-time location system (RTLS) and related local services, as listed in ISO/IEC 19762-5 and ISO/IEC 24730-1. While network computing devices are generally very good at informing consumers of day long data, the computing device itself can also be tracked, even in real-time. LBS privacy issues appear in that context, and are documented below.
Video Location-based service
History
Location-based services (LBS) are part of almost every control and policy system that works on the computer today. They have evolved from a simple synchronization-based service model to an authenticated and complex tool for implementing almost any location-based model or facility.
LBS is the ability to open and close certain data objects based on the use of location and/or time as (controls and triggers) or as part of complex cryptographic keys or hashing systems and the data they provide access to. Current location-based services are part of everything from control systems to smart weapons. They actively use trillions of hours a day and may be one of the most widely used application-layer decision frameworks in today's computing.
Research pioneers from current location-based services include infrared Active Badge system (1989-1993), LG-Europolitan GSM LBS trial by JÃÆ'¶rgen Johansson (1995), and master's thesis written by Nokia employees Timo Rantalainen in 1995.
In 1990, International Teletrac Systems (later PacTel Teletrac), founded in Los Angeles CA, introduced the world's first real-time stolen vehicle recovery service. As proximity to this, they begin to develop location-based services that can send information about location-based goods and services to specially programmed alphanumeric Motorola pagers. In 1996, the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) passed a regulation requiring all US mobile operators to seek emergency callers. This rule is a compromise generated by US mobile operators seeking support from the emergency community to get equal protection from lawsuits relating to emergency calls as fixed line operators already have.
In 1997, Christopher Kingdon, from Ericsson, submitted a description of the location of the Phase 1 Service (LCS) to the GSM joint group of the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). As a result, the LCS subcategory is created under ANSI T1P1.5. The group went on to select the positioning method and standardize Location Services (LCS), which came to be known as Location Based Services (LBS). The defined nodes include the Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC), Cellular Service Center (SMLC) and concepts such as Cellular Startup Requests (MO-LR), Network Induction Location Requests (NI-LR) and Mobile Termination Locations (MT) LR). These usage models do not really work in the application context layer and require more user interface control to make it everywhere. The control comes from the growing Glassey model that extends this and provides a stronger, more powerful and very simple secondary system for controlling digital objects and decision-making processes based on location and time.
As a result of this effort in 1999, the first Digital Location Based Service Patent was filed in the US and finally issued after nine (9) office actions in March 2002. This patent has controls that when applied to the current network model provides key value in all systems.
In 2000, after approval from the 12 largest telecom operators in the world, Ericsson, Motorola and Nokia jointly established and launched Location Interoperability Forum Ltd (LIF). The forum first establishes Mobile Location Protocol (MLP), the interface between telecommunication networks and LBS applications running on servers on the Internet Domain. Later, much encouraged by the Vodafone group, LIF went on to determine Location Enabling Server (LES), "middleware", which simplified the integration of multiple LBs with carrier infrastructure. In 2004 LIF merged with the Open Mobile Association (OMA). The LBS working group is formed in OMA.
The first consumer-capable LBS mobile web device is the Palm VII, released in 1999. Two of the in-the-box apps take advantage of ZIP-level positioning information and share titles for the first consumer LBS app: Weather. com application from The Weather Channel, and TrafficTouch app from Sony-Etak/Metro Traffic.
The first LBS service was launched in 2001 by TeliaSonera in Sweden (FriendFinder, yellow pages, houseposition, emergency call location, etc.) And by EMT in Estonia (emergency call location, friend finder, TV game). TeliaSonera and EMT based on their services at Ericsson Mobile Positioning System (MPS).
Other early LBS include friendzone, launched by swisscom in Switzerland in May 2001, using valis technology ltd. These services include friend finders, LBS dating and LBS games. The same service was launched later by Vodafone Germany, Orange Portugal and Pelephone in Israel. Microsoft RADAR Wi-Fi indoor location system 2000 (2000), the MIT Cricket project uses an ultrasound location (2000) and Intel Place Lab with a widespread location (2003).
In May 2002, go2 and AT & amp; T Mobility launches the first local LBS mobile search app (US) that uses Automatic Location Identification (ALI) technology mandated by the FCC. go2 user can use ALI AT & amp; T to determine their location and search nearby for a list of requested locations (shops, restaurants, etc.) ranked according to proximity to ALI provided by AT & T's wireless network. ALI-specified locations are also used as starting points for turn-by-turn directions.
The main advantage is that mobile users do not have to manually specify ZIP codes or other location identifiers to use LBS, as they browse to different locations. GPS tracking is a key ingredient in making use of access to mobile web.
Maps Location-based service
Find method
There are a number of ways in which the location of an object, such as a phone or device, can be determined.
Location of aircraft control
With the location of the control plane, sometimes referred to as positioning, the mobile service provider gets the location based on the delayed radio signal from the nearest mobile tower (for phones without GPS features) which can be very slow as it uses' voice channel control. In the UK, networks do not use trilateration; The LBS service uses a single base station, with "radius" inaccuracies, to determine the location of the phone. This technique is the foundation of the E-911 mandate and is still used to search the phone as a security measure. Newer phones and PDAs usually have integrated A-GPS chips.
To provide successful LBS technology, the following factors must be met:
- coordinate the accuracy requirements specified by the relevant service,
- the lowest possible cost,
- minimal impact on networks and equipment.
Some categories of methods can be used to locate customers. The simple and standard solution is LBS based GPS. "NearMe" Sony Ericsson is one such example. This is used to keep knowledge of the exact location, but can be expensive for the end user, as they have to invest in GPS-equipped handsets. GPS is based on the concept of trilateration, a basic geometric principle that allows finding a location if one knows its distance from another known location.
Self-reported position
The low cost alternative to using location technology to track players, is no tracking at all. This has been referred to as a "self-reported position". It was used in a mixed reality game called Uncle Roy All Around You in 2003 and was considered for use in Augmented reality games in 2006. Instead of tracking technology, players are given a map that they can pan around and then mark their location. With the advent of location-based networks, this is more commonly known as "check-in" users.
More
Near LBS (NLBS) involves local technologies such as Bluetooth low energy, WLAN, infrared and/or RFID/Near field communication technology, which is used to match devices to nearby services. This app allows one to access information based on its environment; very suitable for use inside closed, limited or regional area. Another alternative is operator-location and GPS-independent service based on access to in-house telecommunication networks (SS7). This solution enables accurate and fast determination of geographic coordinates of phone numbers by providing operator-independent location data and also works for handsets that do not support GPS.
Many other local positioning systems and indoor positioning systems are available, especially for indoor use. GPS and GSM do not work well in the room, so other techniques are used, including co-pilot flare for CDMA, Bluetooth, UWB, RFID and Wi-Fi networks.
Apps
Location-based services can be used in a number of applications, including:
- recommending a social event in the city
- request the nearest business or service, such as ATM, restaurant or retail store
- turn-by-turn navigation to any address
- auxiliary health care system
- find people on the map displayed on the phone
- receive notifications, such as gas sales notices or jam warnings
- location-based mobile ads
- asset recovery combined with active RF to find, for example, an asset stolen in a container where GPS will not work
- contextualize learning and research
- a game where your location is part of the game, such as your movements during the day you make your avatar move in the game or where you opened the content.
- Q & amp; real time: Spin around restaurants, services, and other places.
- tracks NASA's lunar landers.
- send mobile caller location during emergency call using Advanced Mobile Location
For operators, location-based services add value by enabling services such as:
- Tracking resources with dynamic distribution . Taxis, service personnel, rental equipment, doctors, fleet scheduling.
- Resource tracking . Objects without privacy controls, using passive sensors or RF tags, such as packets and train cars.
- Find someone or something . People with expertise (doctor), business directory, navigation, weather, traffic, room schedule, phone stolen, emergency call.
- Notice-based proximity (press or drag) . Targeted ads, friend lists, general profile matching (dating).
- Distance-based actuation (push or pull) . Payment by proximity (via EZ, toll hours), automatic airport check-in.
In the US, the FCC requires all operators to meet certain criteria to support location-based services (FCC 94-102). This mandate requires 95% of handsets to be completed within 300 meters for network-based tracking (eg triangulation) and 150 meters for handset-based tracking (eg GPS). This can be very useful when calling emergency phone numbers - such as a 9-1-1 increase in North America, or 112 in Europe - so carriers can send emergency services such as emergency medical services, police or firefighters to the correct location.. CDMA and iDEN operators have chosen to use GPS location technology to search for emergency callers. This leads to rapidly increasing GPS penetration on iDEN and CDMA handsets in North America and other parts of the world where CDMA is widespread. Although there is no such rule in Japan or in Europe, the number of GSM/WCDMA supported GPS handset models is growing rapidly. According to independent wireless analyst firm Berg Insight, the rate of attachment for GPS is growing rapidly in GSM/WCDMA handsets, from less than 8% in 2008 to 15% in 2009.
As for the economic impact, location-based services are estimated to have a $ 1.6 trillion impact on the US economy alone.
European operators primarily use Cell ID to find customers. It is also a method used in Europe by companies that use cell-based LBs as part of the system to recover stolen assets. In US companies such as Rave Wireless in New York use GPS and triangulation to allow students to notify the campus police when they are in trouble. Rave Wireless and other companies with location-based offerings are supported by various companies, including Skyhook Wireless, AlterGeo, and Xtify.
Location tracking app comparison for mobile devices
There are currently about three different models for location-based apps on mobile devices. All share that they allow one's location to be tracked by others. Each works in the same way at a high level, but with different functions and features. Below is a comparison of sample applications from each of the three models.
Mobile phone messaging
Mobile messaging plays an important role in LBS. Messaging, especially SMS, has been used in combination with various LBS apps, such as location-based mobile ads. SMS is still the main technology that brings mobile advertising/marketing campaigns to mobile phones. Classic examples of LBS apps that use SMS are mobile coupon or discount shipping for mobile customers close to ad restaurants, cafes, cinemas. Singapore's mobile operator, MobileOne, initiated the initiative in 2007 involving many local marketers, who reportedly been very successful in terms of customer acceptance.
Companies offering location-based messaging (sometimes referred to as "geo-messaging") include The Coupons App (US), Central (International), Zhiing (international), BluePont (US), Loopt (USA), Dodgeball (USA) , Skyhook and Beamster (Austria).
Privacy issues
The 2012 Privacy Protection Act (S.1223) was introduced by Senator Al Franken (D-MN) to manage the transmission and sharing of user location data in the United States. It is based on a one-time individual agreement to participate in this service (Opt In). The bill specifies the collecting entity, the billable data and its use. The bill does not specify, however, the time period that the data collection entity may hold on to user data (the 24 hour limit seems appropriate because most services use data for immediate search, communications, etc.), and bills excluding locally stored location data in device (the user should be able to delete the contents of location data documents periodically as he will delete the log document). The bill approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee will also require cellular services to disclose the names of advertising networks or other third parties with whom they share consumer locations.
With the passage of the CAN-SPAM Act in 2003, it became illegal in the United States to send any message to end users without end users who specifically opted in to participate. It provides additional challenges to LBS applications as far as the "carrier-centric" service is concerned. As a result, there is a focus on user-centered, location-based services and apps that give users control over experience, typically by first choosing through websites or mobile interfaces (such as SMS, mobile Web, and Java/BREW Apps).
The EU also provides a legal framework for data protection that can be applied to location-based services, and more specifically some European directives such as: (1) Personal data: Directive 95/46/EC; (2) Personal data in electronic communications: Directive 2002/58/EC; (3) Data Storage: Directive 2006/24/EC. However, the application of legal provisions for various forms of LBS and processing location data is unclear.
One implication of this technology is that data about customer locations and historical movements are owned and controlled by network operators, including mobile operators and mobile content providers. Mobile content providers and app developers are a concern. Indeed, a recent MIT study by de Montjoye et al. shows that 4 spatio-temporal spots, approximate place and time, are sufficient to identify 95% of the 1.5 million people in the mobility database. Further studies show that this constraint applies even when dataset resolution is low. Therefore, even a rough or blurry data set provides little anonymity. An important article by Dobson and Fisher discusses the possibility for misuse of location information.
In addition to the legal framework, there are several technical approaches to protecting privacy using privacy enhancement technology (PETs). Such PET ranges from simple on/off switches to sophisticated PET using anonymization techniques, for example, related to k-anonymity. Only some LBS offer such PET, for example, Google Latitude offers live/off switches and allows to maintain a person's position to a location that can be specified for free. In addition, it is an open question how users feel and trust in different PETs. The only study that discusses the user perceptions of the state of the art PETs is. Another set of techniques included in PETs is the Location obfuscation technique, which slightly alters the user's location to hide the actual location while still being able to represent their position and receive services from their LBS providers.
See also
References
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Barracks, Miri; Shani ziv (October 22, 2012). "Wandering: a web-based platform for the creation of interactive, location-based learning objects". Computers & amp; Education . 62 : 159-170. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.015.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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