E-book

src: www.curata.com

An electronic book (or e-book ) is a publication of books available in digital form, composed of text, images, or both, can be read on the computer's flat-panel display or other electronic devices. Although sometimes defined as "electronic versions of printed books", some e-books exist without a printed counterpart. E-books produced and sold commercially are usually intended to be read on a dedicated e-reader device. However, almost all sophisticated computer devices equipped with a controllable display screen can also be used for reading e-books, including desktop computers, laptops, tablets and smartphones.

In the 2000s, there was a trend of print sales and e-books moving to the Internet, where readers bought traditional paper books and e-books on websites using e-commerce systems. With printed books, more readers browse book cover images on publisher websites or bookstores and choose and order titles online; paper books are then sent to readers by mail or other delivery service. With e-books, users can browse through online titles, and then when they select and order titles, e-books can be sent to them online or users can download e-books. In early 2012 in the US, more e-books were published online rather than being distributed in bold cover.

The main reasons people who buy e-books online may be lower prices, increased convenience (because they can buy from home or while on the go with mobile devices) and more headline options. With e-books, "[e] bookmarks lectronic makes reference easier, and e-book readers allow users to create page annotations." "Although fiction and non-fiction books come in e-book format, technical material is perfect for e-book delivery as it can [electronically] be searched" for keywords. In addition, for programming books, code samples can be copied. The number of e-book readings increased in the US; by 2014, 28% of adults have read the e-book, compared to 23% in 2013. This is increasing, because by 2014 50% of American adults have e-readers or tablets, compared to 30% who own such devices in 2013.

Video E-book

Terminology

E-books are also referred to as "ebooks", "eBooks", "Ebooks", "e-Books", "e-journals", "e-editions" or as "digital books". Devices designed specifically for reading e-books are called "e-readers", "ebook devices" or "eReader".

Maps E-book

History

The Readies (1930)

Some keep track of ideas from e-readers that will allow readers to view books on the screen for a 1930 manifesto by Bob Brown, written after watching his first "talkie" (the movie with sound). She gave it the title The Readies , playing the "talkie" idea. In his book, Brown says the movie has outmaneuvered the book by creating a "talkie" and, as a result, reading must find new media:

 "A simple reading machine that I can carry or move, plug into an old power plug and read a hundred thousand word novel in 10 minutes if I want, and I want to."  

Brown's notion, however, is much more focused on orthographic and vocabulary reform, than the medium ("It's time to pull the plug" and start a "bloody revolution."): Introduce a large number of portmanteau symbols to replace normal words, and punctuation to simulate action or movement; so it is unclear whether this matches the history of "e-book" or not. Then e-readers never follow a model at all like Brown. However, Brown estimates the miniaturization and portability of e-readers. In an article, Jennifer Schuessler writes, "The machine, Brown argues, will allow the reader to adjust the size of the type, avoid the cutting of paper and save the tree, all while speeding up the day when words can be 'recorded directly on the pounding ether.'" -reader (and his idea of ​​changing the text itself) should bring a completely new life to read. Schuessler connects it with a DJ that plays old songs to create a tap or an entirely new song compared to just a remix of a familiar song.

Inventor

The first e-book inventor was not widely accepted. Some important candidates include the following:

ÃÆ' ngela Ruiz Robles (1949)

In 1949, ÃÆ' ngela Ruiz Robles, a teacher from LeÃÆ'³n, Spain, patented Encyclopedia MecÃÆ'¡nica , or Mechanical Encyclopedia, a mechanical device operated in compressed air where text and graphs were contained in the scroll that the user will load into spinning spindles. The idea is to create a device that will reduce the number of books students bring to school. The latest devices include audio recordings, magnifying glasses, calculators, and electric lights for night reading. His device was never put into production but one of his prototypes was kept at the National Museum of Science and Technology in La Coruna, Spain.

Roberto Busa (end of 1949-1970)

The first eBook may be Index Thomisticus , a large annotated electronic index to the work of Thomas Aquinas, prepared by Roberto Busa, S.J. started in 1949 and completed in the 1970s. Although initially stored on a single computer, the CD-ROM version that can be distributed appeared in 1989. However, this work is sometimes omitted; perhaps because digital text is a means for studying written texts and developing linguistic concordances, rather than as editions published in its own right. In 2005, the Index was published online.

Doug Engelbart and Andries van Dam (1960)

Or, some historians consider electronic books to have started in the early 1960s, with the NLS project led by Doug Engelbart at Stanford Research Institute (SRI), and Hypertext Editing System and the FRESS project led by Andries van Dam at Brown University. The FRESS document runs on the IBM mainframe and is oriented in structure rather than line-oriented; they are dynamically formatted for different users, display hardware, window sizes, and so on, and have automatic content lists, indexes, and so on. All these systems also provide extensive hyperlinking, graphics and other capabilities. Van Dam is generally considered to have coined the term "electronic book", and it was established sufficiently to be used in the title of the article in 1985.

FRESS is used for reading basic texts online, as well as for annotations and online discussions in several courses, including English Poetry and Biochemistry. Faculty Brown uses extensively FRESS; for example, the philosopher Roderick Chisholm used it to produce some of his books. Thus in the Introduction to the Persons and Objects (1979) he wrote "This book will not be completed without the Epic Epilogger Recording and Creating System..." Brown University's work in the electronic book system has continued for many years year, including US Navy-funded projects for electronic repair manuals; a large-scale hypermedia system known as InterMedia; an Electronic Book Technologies electronic company that built DynaText, the first SGML based e-reader system; and the extensive work of Scholarly Technology Group on the Open eBook standard. Michael S. Hart (1971)

Despite previous extensive history, several publications reported Michael S. Hart as the inventor of the e-book. In 1971, Xerox Sigma V mainframe operator at the University of Illinois gave Hart a vast computer time. Seeking proper use of this source, he created his first electronic document by typing the United States Declaration of Independence into computers in plain text. Hart plans to create documents using plain text to make it as easy as possible to download and view on the device.

Initial implementation

After Hart first adapted the Declaration of Independence into an electronic document in 1971, Project Gutenberg was launched to make electronic copies of more text - especially books. Another preliminary e-book implementation was the desktop prototype for the proposed notebook computer, Dynabook, in 1970 at PARC: a general-purpose, portable personal computer capable of displaying books to read. In 1980 the US Department of Defense initiated the development of a concept for portable electronic delivery devices for technical maintenance information called the PEAM project, Portable Electronic Aid for Maintenance. Detailed specifications were completed on FY 82, and prototype development began with Texas Instruments in the same year. Four prototypes were produced and shipped for testing in 1986. The test was completed in 1987. The final summary report was made by the US Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences in 1989 written by Robert Wisher and J. Peter Kincaid. The patent application for a PEAM device was submitted by Texas Instruments entitled "Apparatus for delivering procedural type instructions" filed on 4 December 1985 which lists John K. Harkins and Stephen H. Morriss as inventors.

In 1992, Sony launched Discman Data, an electronic book reader that can read e-books stored on CDs. One of the electronic publications that can be played on Data Discman is called The Library of the Future . Initial e-books are generally written for special areas and limited audiences intended to be read only by small and faithful groups. The scope of the subject matter of this e-book includes technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques, and other subjects. In the 1990s, the general availability of the Internet made transferring electronic files much easier, including e-books.

eBook format

When e-book formats appeared and mushroomed, some got support from large software companies, such as Adobe with its PDF format introduced in 1993. Unlike most other formats, PDF documents are generally tied to specific dimensions and layouts, rather than adjusting dynamically to current page, window, or other size. Different e-reader devices follow different formats, most of them receiving books in just one or more formats, thus fragmenting the e-book market even more. Due to the exclusiveness and limited e-book readers, markets split from independent publishers and specialized authors lack a consensus on standards for packaging and selling e-books.

Meanwhile, scholars form the Text Coding Initiative, which develops consensus guidelines for encoding books and other materials of scientific interest for various analytic and reading uses, and many other literary and other works have been developed using the TEI approach. In the late 1990s, a consortium was formed to develop the Open eBook format as a way for authors and publishers to provide a single source document that can be handled by many software and book reader software platforms. Some scholars from TEI are closely involved in the early development of Open eBooks [1]. Focusing on portability, Open e-book as a mandatory subset specified from XHTML and CSS; a set of multimedia formats (others can be used, but there must be a fallback in one of the required formats), and an XML schema for "manifest", for a list of provided e-book components, identify table of contents, cover art, and so on. This format leads to an open format EPUB. Google Books has converted many public domain works into this open format.

In 2010, e-books continue to increase in their own specialist and underground markets. Many e-book publishers are beginning to distribute books that are in the public domain. At the same time, authors with books that are not accepted by publishers offer their work online so they can be seen by others. Unofficial (and sometimes unofficial) book catalogs are available on the web, and sites dedicated to e-books are beginning to disseminate information about e-books to the public. Nearly two-thirds of the US Consumer eBook publishing market is controlled by the "Big Five". The publisher of "Big Five" includes: Hachette, HarperCollins, Macmillan, Penguin Random House, and Simon & amp; Schuster.

Library

The US Library began providing free e-books to the public in 1998 through its websites and related services, although the e-book was primarily scientific, technical or professional, and could not be downloaded. In 2003, the library began offering popular fiction and free nonfiction fiction to the public, launching an E-book lending model that works much more successfully for public libraries. The number of distributors of library e-books and loan models continues to increase over the next few years. From 2005 to 2008 the library experienced 60% growth in the e-book collection. In 2010, a Study of Public Library Funding and Access Technology Study found that 66% of US public libraries offer e-books, and major movements in the library industry are starting to seriously examine issues related to e-book lending, the point of using a wide e-book.

The US National Medical Library has for years provided PubMed, an almost complete bibliography of medical literature. In early 2000, NLM started PubMed Central, which provides full text e-book versions of many medical journal articles and books, in collaboration with scholars and publishers in the field. Pubmed Central now provides archiving and access to over 4.1 million articles, which are maintained in a standard XML format known as the Journal Article Tag Suite (or "JATS").

However, some publishers and authors do not support the concept of electronic publishing, citing problems with user requests, copyright piracy, and challenges with proprietary devices and systems. In a library librarian librarian survey it was found that 92% of libraries store e-books in their collections and that 27% of these libraries have negotiated loan interlending rights for some of their e-books. The survey found significant barriers to interlibrary loans for e-books. Demand-driven acquisition (DDA) has been in existence for several years in public libraries, allowing vendors to streamline the acquisition process by offering to match library selection profiles with vendor e-book titles. The library catalog is then filled with notes for all e-books that match the profile. The decision to purchase titles is submitted to customers, although libraries may set purchase terms such as maximum price and purchase limits so that special funds are issued according to the library budget. Meeting 2012 The American University Presses Association includes a panel on patron-drive acquisition (PDA) of university-produced books based on preliminary reports by Joseph Esposito, a digital publishing consultant who has studied the PDA's implications with grants from Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

Challenges

Although demand for e-book services in libraries has grown in the decades of the 2000s and 2010s, it is difficult to keep the library from providing multiple e-books to clients. Publishers will sell e-books to libraries, but they only provide limited licenses to the library for most cases. This means the library does not have an electronic text but they can either circulate it for a specified period of time or for certain checks, or both. When a library buys an e-book license, it costs at least three times what it should for a private consumer. E-book licenses are more expensive than paper editions because publishers worry that e-books sold theoretically can be read and/or checked by a large number of users, which can adversely affect sales. However, some studies have found the opposite effect (eg, Hilton and Wikey 2010)

Archive storage

The Internet Archive and Open Library offers over six million publicly accessible e-book domains. Project Gutenberg has over 52,000 public e-book domains available for free.

Custom hardware reader and mobile software

An e-reader , also called the e-book reader or eBook device , is a mobile electronic device designed primarily for the purpose of reading e- books and digital magazines. An e-reader is similar in shape, but is more limited in purpose than a tablet. Compared to tablets, many e-readers are better than tablets for reading because they are more portable, have better legibility in the sun and have longer battery life. In July 2010, Amazon.com's online bookstore reported that e-book sales for its Kindle exceeded the number of hardcover book sales for the first time during the second quarter of 2010, saying it sold 140 e-books for every 100 hardcover books, including non-existent hardcovers digital edition. In January 2011, Amazon's e-book sales have exceeded its paperback sales. In the US market as a whole, paperback book sales are still much larger than hardcover or e-books; The American Publishing Association estimates the e-book represents 8.5% of sales by mid-2010, up from 3% a year earlier. At the end of the first quarter of 2012, e-book sales in the United States surpassed the hardcover book sales for the first time.

Until the end of 2013, the use of e-reader is not allowed on the plane when taking off and landing by the FAA. In November 2013, the FAA allows the use of e-reader on airplanes at any time if it is in Airplane Mode, which means all the radio is turned off, and Europe follows this guide the following month. In 2014, the New York Times forecasts that by 2018 e-books will account for more than 50% of total consumer publishing revenues in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Apps

Authors and publishers have many formats to choose from when publishing an e-book. Each format has advantages and disadvantages. The most popular e-reader and natively supported formats are shown below:

Digital rights management

Most e-book publishers do not warn their customers about the possible implications of digital rights management associated with their products. Generally, they claim that digital rights management is meant to prevent illegal copying of e-books. However, in many cases, it may also be that digital rights management will result in a complete refusal of access by the buyer to the e-book. E-books sold by most publishers and electronics retailers, Amazon.com, Google, Barnes & amp; Noble, Kobo Inc. and Apple Inc., are DRM-protected and tied to the publisher's e-reader software or hardware. The first major publisher to eliminate DRM is Tor Books, one of the largest publishers of science fiction and fantasy, in 2012. Smaller e-book publishers like O'Reilly Media, Carina Press and Baen Books have forgotten the previous DRM.

src: image.shutterstock.com

Production

Some e-books are produced in conjunction with the production of printed formats, as described in electronic publishing, although in many instances they may not be sold until later. Often, e-books are generated from pre-existing hard copy books, generally by document scanning, sometimes with the use of robotic book scans, have the technology to scan books quickly without damaging the original print edition. Scanning a book produces a set of image files, which can also be converted into text format by OCR program. Sometimes, as in some projects, e-books can be produced by re-inserting text from the keyboard. Sometimes only an electronic version of a book is produced by the publisher. It is possible to release an e-book chapter based on chapters when each chapter is written. This is useful in areas such as information technology where topics can change rapidly in the months required to write a typical book. It is also possible to convert an electronic book into a printed book by printing on demand. However, this is an exception because tradition states that a book is launched in print format and then if the author wants an electronic version produced. The New York Times keeps a list of bestsellers, both for fiction and for non-fiction.

src: www.habtheory.com

Reading data

All e-readers and reading apps are able to track data reading e-books, and the data can contain which e-book users are opened, how long the user spends reading each e-book and how many of each e-book so. In December 2014, Kobo released e-book readings collected from more than 21 million users worldwide. Some of the results are only 44.4% of English readers who complete the best-selling eBook The Goldfinch and the top selling e-book in the UK in 2014, "One Cold Night", completed by 69% of readers; this is proof that while popular e-books are being read completely, some e-books are just sampled.

src: i.ytimg.com

Comparison with printed book

Benefits

In a space of comparable physical book size, an e-reader can contain thousands of e-books, limited only by its memory capacity. Depending on the device, e-books can be read in dim light or even total darkness. Many electronic readers have an internal light source, can zoom in or change fonts, using text-to-speech software to read text aloud for people with visual, elderly or dyslexic impairments or just for convenience. In addition, e-readers allow readers to search for words or find more information on the topic immediately using an online dictionary. Amazon reports that 85% of e-book readers are looking for words while reading.

The printed book uses three times as much raw material and 78 times more water to produce as compared to e-books. While e-readers are more expensive than most individual books, e-books may have lower costs than paper books. E-books can be printed for less than the traditional book price using a book printer on request. In addition, many e-books are available online for free on sites like Project Gutenberg. For example, all books printed before 1923 are in the public domain in the United States, allowing websites to host ebook versions of the title for free.

Depending on the possibility of digital rights management, e-books (unlike physical books) can be backed up and restored in case of loss or damage to the device they are stored, new copies can be downloaded without incurring additional costs from distributors, and can sync reading locations, highlights, and bookmarks across multiple devices.

Weakness

There may be a lack of privacy for reading user e-books; for example, Amazon knows the identity of the user, what the user reads, whether the user has completed the book, what pages the user uses, how long the user has spent on each page, and which parts may be highlighted by the user. One obstacle to the widespread adoption of e-books is that most people judge a printed book as an object itself, including aspects such as texture, smell, weight and appearance on the shelf. The printed book is also considered a valuable cultural object, and a symbol of liberal education and humanities. Kobo found that 60% of e-books purchased from their e-book store were never opened and found that the more expensive the more likely the reader would open the e-book.

Joe Queenan has written on the pros and cons of e-books:

Electronic books are ideal for people who appreciate the information contained in it, or who have vision problems, or who like to read on the subway, or who do not want others to see how they entertain themselves, or who have a storage and mess of problems , but they are useless to people who engage in intense and lifelong love affairs with the books. The books we can touch; books we can smell; books that we can rely on.

While a paper book is vulnerable to various threats, including water damage, fungi and theft, e-book files can be damaged, deleted or lost and pirated. Where the ownership of the paper books is fairly easy (although subject to restrictions on hiring or copying pages, depending on the book), buyers of digital e-book files have conditional access with possible loss of access to e-books due to digital rights management provisions, copyright issues, fail or maybe if the user's credit card expires.

src: static.clickbd.com

Market share

United States

In 2015, the Income Report authors estimate that Amazon holds 74% of the e-book marketplace sold in the US. By the end of 2016, that year's Report estimates that Amazon holds 80% of the e-book market share in the US.

Canada

Spanish

In 2013, Carrenho estimates that the e-book will have 15% market share in Spain by 2015.

English

According to Nielsen Book Research, the share of e-books increased from 20% to 33% between 2012 and 2014, but fell by 29% in the first quarter of 2015. The title published and published by Amazon alone contributed 17 million books - , Â £ 58m - in 2014, representing 5% of the overall book market and 15% of the digital market. Volume and value sales are similar to 2013 but up 70% since 2012.

German

The Wischenbart Report 2015 estimates the e-book market share to be 4.3%.

Brazil

The Brazilian e-book market is just popping up. Brazilians understand technology, and that attitude is owned by the government. By 2013, about 2.5% of all trade titles are sold in digital format. This is a 400% growth during 2012 when only 0.5% of digital commerce titles. By 2014, growth is slower, Brazil has 3.5% of its trade titles sold as e-books.

China

The Wischenbart Report 2015 estimates the e-book market share of around 1%.

src: cmkt-image-prd.global.ssl.fastly.net

See also

src: sc01.alicdn.com

References

src: www.imore.com

External links

Source of the article : Wikipedia