Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born June 8, 1955), also known as TimBL , is a British engineer and computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is currently a professor of Computer Science at Oxford University. He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989, and he implemented the first successful communication between the client and server Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over the internet in mid-November of the same year.
Berners-Lee is director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web. He is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation and is a senior researcher and chairman of 3Com's founding chair at MIT Computer Science and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and advisory board member of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. In 2011, he was appointed as a member of Ford Foundation's supervisory board. He is the founder and president of the Open Data Institute.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was awarded the title of nobility by Queen Elizabeth II for her pioneering work. In April 2009, he was elected a foreign partner of the United States National Academy of Sciences. Named in the Time of Time magazine list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, Berners-Lee has received numerous other awards for his invention. He was honored as the "World Wide Web Inventor" during the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he appeared personally, working with NeXT Computer vintage at London Olympic Stadium. He tweeted "It's for everyone", which is directly spelled out in LCD lamps attached to seats of 80,000 people in the audience. Berners-Lee received the Turing Award 2016 "to create the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms that allow the Web to scale".
Video Tim Berners-Lee
Early life and education
Berners-Lee was born in London, England, England, one of four children born to Mary Lee Woods and Conway Berners-Lee. His parents worked on the first commercially built computer, Ferranti Mark 1. He attended the Sheen Mount Primary School, and then went on to attend Emanuel School in southwest London from 1969 to 1973, at the grammar school of direct grants, independent in 1975. A sharp trainer as a child, he learned about electronics from playing with model trains. He studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, from 1973 to 1976, where he received a first degree physics degree.
Maps Tim Berners-Lee
Careers
After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the Plessey telecommunications company in Poole, Dorset. In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash at Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create a set-type software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the hypertext concept, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers. To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system called INQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in the late 1980s, he worked at John Poole Image Computer Systems, Ltd., in Bournemouth, Dorset. He runs the company's technical side for three years. The project he did was "real-time remote procedure calls" that gave him experience in computer networks. In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.
In 1989, CERN was the largest internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the internet:
I just have to take hypertext idea and connect it with Transmission Control Protocol and domain name system idea and - ta-da! - World Wide Web... Making the web really a desperate act, because the situation without it is very difficult when I work at CERN later. Most of the technologies involved on the web, such as hypertext, such as the internet, multifont text objects, have all been designed. I have to put it together. This is a generalization step, leading to a higher level of abstraction, thinking about all the documentation systems out there as part of a larger imaginary documentation system.
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. Then accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall. He used an idea similar to the underlying INQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, where he designed and built the first Web browser. The software also functions as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for the Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Mike Sendall buys the NeXT cube for evaluation, and hands it to Tim [Berners-Lee]. Implementation of the Team prototype on NeXTStep was created within a few months, thanks to the quality of the NeXTStep software development system. This prototype offers WYSIWYG search/creation! The current Web browser used in 'surfing the internet' is just a passive window, thereby reducing the chances of users contributing. During several sessions at the CERN canteen, Tim and I tried to find an interesting name for the system. I am determined that the name is no longer taken from Greek mythology..... The team proposes 'World-Wide Web'. I really like this, except it's hard to say in French... by Robert Cailliau, November 2, 1995.
The first website was built at CERN. Although this is an international organization organized by Switzerland, the office used by Berners-Lee is across the border in France. It was installed online on August 6, 1991 for the first time:
info.cern.ch is the world's first web site and web server address, running on NeXT computers at CERN. The first web page address is http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html, which is centered on information about the WWW project. Visitors can learn more about hypertext, technical details for creating their own web pages, and even explanations on how to search for information on the Web. There are no screenshots of this original page and, in any case, changes are made daily to the information available on the page as the WWW project is developed. You can find a later copy (1992) on the World Wide Web Consortium website.
It gives an explanation of what the World Wide Web is, and how one can use the browser and set up a web server. In a list of 80 cultural moments that make up the world, selected by a panel of 25 leading scientists, academics, writers, and world leaders, the World Wide Web discovery ranked number one, with a note stating, "The fastest growth of all time communication media, has changed the shape of modern life forever.We can connect instantly to the whole world ".
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It consists of various companies who are willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee makes his idea available freely, without patents and without royalties. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that it is easy to adopt by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he received a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work at Semantic Web.
In the October 2009 article, Berners-Lee acknowledged that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in the web address was "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he could easily design a web address without slashes. "Here it is, it seems like a good idea at the time," he said in his lighthearted apology.
Recent jobs
In June 2009, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced Berners-Lee would work with the British government to help make data more accessible and accessible on the Web, built on the work of the Power of Information Tasks. Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a British government project to open virtually all data obtained for official use for reuse for free. Commenting on the opening of the Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said that: "Change marks a broader cultural change in government based on the assumption that information must be in the public domain unless there is a good reason not to-" by saying: "Greater openness, accountability and transparency in government will give people greater choice and make it easier for individuals to engage directly in issues that are important to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation to "advance the Web to empower humanity by launching a transformative program that builds local capacity to utilize the Web as a medium for positive change."
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favor of net neutrality, and has expressed the view that ISPs should provide "unconditional connectivity", and should not control or monitor customers' browsing activities without their consent. He supports the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human networking right: "Threats to the Internet, such as companies or governments that interfere with or snoop on Internet traffic, jeopardize the basic rights of human networks." Berners-Lee participates in an open letter to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC). He and 20 other Internet pioneers urged the FCC to cancel voting on December 14, 2017 to enforce clean neutrality. The letter was addressed to Senators Roger Wicker, Senator Brian Schatz, Marsha Blackburn Representative and Representative Michael F. Doyle.
Berners-Lee joins the advisory board of State.com, based in London. In May 2012, Berners-Lee is president of the Open Data Institute, which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013 and Berners-Lee leads a coalition of public and private organizations that include Google, Facebook, Intel, and Microsoft. A4AI seeks to make internet access more affordable so that access is expanded in developing countries, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee will work with those aiming to reduce the price of internet access so that they fall below the UN World Broadband Commission target of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee holds a founding chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and leads Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Institute of Computing Research which aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, correct and improve privacy. In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a research associate and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of Oxford's colleges.
Personal life
Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson in 1990; they had two children and divorced in 2011. In 2014, Berners-Lee married Rosemary Leith at St. Louis's Palace. James in London. Leith is director of the World Wide Web Foundation and a fellow at Berkman Center at Harvard University. Previously, he was the Chair of the Global Forum Agenda of the Future Economy Council on Internet Security and is now on the board of YouGov.
Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican, but in his youth, he turned away from religion. After he became a parent, he became Unitarian Universalist (Act). He has stated: "Like many people, I have a religious education that I refuse as a teenager... Like many people, I go back to religion when we have children." He and his wife wanted to teach spirituality to their children, and after hearing a Unitarian minister and visiting the Church Act, they voted for it. He was an active member of the church, which he embraced because he regarded it as a tolerant and liberal faith. He said: "I believe that many life philosophies associated with many religions are much healthier than the dogma that accompanies them, so I respect them."
Distinctions
Berners-Lee has received many awards and awards. He was awarded the title of nobility by Queen Elizabeth II on Lunar New Year 2004 "for service for the global development of the internet", and was invested formally on July 16, 2004.
On June 13, 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order limited to 24 members (surviving). Giving membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal sphere of the Queen, and does not require a recommendation by the minister or Prime Minister. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He has been awarded honorary degrees from universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940s), Harvard and Yale.
In 2012, Berners-Lee is one of British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous work - The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover - to celebrate the British cultural figure in his most admirable life to mark his 80th birthday.
In 2013, he was awarded the first Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. On April 4, 2017, he received the ACM Turing Award 2016 "to create the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms that enable the Web to scale".
See also
References
Further reading
- Berners-Lee Team Publication
- Tim Berners-Lee and World Wide Web Development (Open Secret Science) (Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2001), ISBNÃ, 1-58415-096-3
- Tim Berners-Lee: Inventor of the World Wide Web (Melissa Stewart's Biography Career) , Melissa Stewart (Ferguson Publishing Company, 2001), ISBN Â ± 0-89434-367-X biography of children
- How the Web Was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web , Robert Cailliau, James Gillies, R. Cailliau (Oxford University Press, 2000), ISBN? 0-19-286207-3
- Weave the Web: Original Design and Primary Destiny of the World Wide Web by its Inventor , Tim Berners-Lee, Mark Fischetti (Paw Prints, 2008)
- "The Man Who Created the World Wide Web Gives New Definition", Compute Magazine , February 11, 2011
- BBC2 Newsnight - Transcript of Berners-Lee's video interview on read/write Web
- Technology Review interview
External links
- Tim Berners-Lee on Twitter
- Tim Berners-Lee at TED
- Tim Berners-Lee on IMDb
- Works by or about Tim Berners-Lee in the library (WorldCat catalog)
- Tim Berners-Lee on the W3C site
- First World Wide Web Page
- Interview with Tim Berners Lee
- Tim Berners-Lee: "The next web of open and connected data" - presented his Semantic Web idea of ​​Connected Data (2009), Ted Talks. on YouTube
- Appearance in C-SPAN
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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