Count Lyov (also Lev ) Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( English: ; Russian: > ??? ( also ???) ????????????????? , tr. Lyov ( also Lev) NikolÃÆ'¡yevich TolstÃÆ'³y , IPA: Ã, [l, f] ( also [l ? ef]) [n ?? k? 'la? v? t? t? l'stoj] Ã, ( listen ) September 9 [OS 28 August] Ã,1828Ã,â € "November 20, [OS 7 November] Ã, 1910), commonly referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy , is a Russian writer who is considered one of the greatest writers of all time.
Born to a Russian aristocratic family in 1828, he is best known for the War and Peace novels (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877), often referred to as the peak of realist fiction.. He first achieved literary praise in his twenties with semi-autobiographical trilogy, Childhood, Childhood and Youth (1852-1856) , and Sevastopol Sketches (1855), based on his experience in the Crimean War. Tolstoy's fiction includes dozens of short stories and several novels such as the Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886), Family Happiness (1859) and Hadji Murad (1912). He also wrote dramas and many philosophical essays.
In the 1870s Tolstoy experienced a deep moral crisis, followed by what he regarded as the same deep spiritual awakening, as outlined in his non-fictional work A Confession (1882). His literal interpretation of Jesus' ethical teachings, centered on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him to become an anarchist and a genuine Christian pacifist. Tolstoy's notion of nonviolent resistance, expressed in works such as the Kingdom of God is Within You (1894), is having a major impact on important figures of the 20th century such as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, and Martin Luther King, Jr. Tolstoy was also a staunch supporter of Georgism, Henry George's economic philosophy, which he incorporated into his writings, especially the Resurrection (1899).
Video Leo Tolstoy
Origins
Tolstoy was a family of famous Russian nobles who traced their ancestors to the mythical nobility named Indris described by Pyotr Tolstoy when it arrived "from Nemec, from Caesar's land" to Chernigov in 1353 along with his two sons Litvinos (or Litvonis) and Zimonten (or Zigmont) and druzhina of 3000 people. While the word "Nemec" has long been used to describe only Germans, back in those days it is applied to every foreigner who does not speak Russian (from nemoy meaning mute > i>). Indris was later transformed into Eastern Orthodoxy by the name of Leonty and his son - respectively as Constantine and Feodor. The grandson of Konstantin Andrei Kharitonovich was nicknamed Tolstiy (translated as fat ) by Vasily II of Moscow after he moved from Chernigov to Moscow.
Due to the pagan names and the fact that Chernigov was then ruled by Demetrius I Starshy, several studies concluded that they were Lithuanians who arrived from the Great Empire of Lithuania, who later became part of the Teutonic Order State. At the same time, it does not mention Indris ever found in the 14th-16th century documents, while the Chernigov Chronicles used by Pyotr Tolstoy as a reference are lost. The first documented member of the Tolstoy family also lived during the 17th century, so Pyotr Tolstoy himself was generally regarded as the founder of a noble house, awarded the title of Peter the Great.
Maps Leo Tolstoy
Life and career
Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana, a family estate 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) southwest of Tula, Russia, and 200 kilometers (120 miles) south of Moscow. He is the fourth of five children of Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a Patriotic War veteran of 1812, and Countess Mariya Tolstaya (Volkonskaya). Tolstoy's parents died when he was young, so he and his siblings were raised by relatives. In 1844, he began studying law and oriental languages ​​at the University of Kazan. His teachers describe him as "both can not and will not learn." Tolstoy left the university in his studies, returned to Yasnaya Polyana and then spent most of his time in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. In 1851, after running heavy gambling debts, he went with his brother to the Caucasus and joined the army. It was at this point that he began to write. Tolstoy served as a young artillery officer during the Crimean War and was in Sevastopol during the siege of Sevastopol for 11 months in 1854-55. He was a participant in the Battle of Chernaya and later promoted to lieutenant for his "great courage and courage".
His conversion from a moral and privileged community writer to anarchists of nonviolence and spirituality in his last time was due to his experience in the army and two traveling around Europe in 1857 and 1860-61. Other people who follow the same path are Alexander Herzen, Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin. During his 1857 visit, Tolstoy witnessed the public execution in Paris, a traumatic experience that would mark the rest of his life. Writing in a letter to his friend Vasily Botkin: "The truth is that the State is a conspiracy designed not only to exploit, but mainly to damage its citizens... Therefore, I will never serve the government anywhere." Tolstoy's conception of nonviolence or Ahimsa was supported when he read the German version of Tirukkural. He then inculcated the concept in Mahatma Gandhi through Surat A to a Hindu when young Gandhi corresponded with him to seek his counsel.
His travels in Europe in 1860-61 formed both his political and literary developments when he met Victor Hugo, whose talent Tolstoy praised after reading the recently completed Hugo Les Misà © rables. The generation of similar battle scenes in Hugo and Tolstoy's War and Peace novels shows this influence. Tolstoy's political philosophy was also influenced by the March 1861 visit to French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who lived in exile under a pseudonym in Brussels. In addition to reviewing the publications to be published by Proudhon, La Guerre et la Paix ( War and Peace in French), whose title Tolstoy will borrow for his masterpiece, the two discuss education , as Tolstoy wrote in his educational notebook: "If I recount this conversation with Proudhon, it shows that, in my personal experience, he is the only one who understands the importance of education and printing in our day."
Fueled by enthusiasm, Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana and founded 13 schools for the children of Russian peasants, who had just been freed from slavery in 1861. Tolstoy described school principles in his essay in 1862 "School at Yasnaya Polyana". Tolstoy's educational experiments were short-lived, partly because of abuse by the Tsar's secret police. However, as a direct pioneer at Summerhill A. S. Neill School, the school at Yasnaya Polyana can be justified as the first example of a coherent democratic education theory.
Personal life
On September 23, 1862, Tolstoy married Sophia Andreevna Behrs, who was 16 years his junior and the daughter of a palace physician. He was called Sonya, a small Russian from Sofia, by his family and friends. They had 13 children, eight of whom survived from childhood:
- Count Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy (July 10, 1863 - December 23, 1947), composer and ethnomusicologist
- Countess Tatyana Lvovna Tolstaya (4 October 1864 - 21 September 1950), wife of Mikhail Sergeevich Sukhotin
- Calculate Ilya Lvovich Tolstoy (May 22, 1866 - December 11, 1933), author
- Count Lev Lvovich Tolstoy (June 1, 1869 - October 18, 1945), author and sculptor
- Countess Maria Lvovna Tolstaya (1871-1906), wife of Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky
- Count Peter Lvovich Tolstoy (1872-1873), died in infancy
- Count Nikolai Lvovich Tolstoy (1874-1875), died in infancy
- Countess Varvara Lvovna Tolstaya (1875-1875), died in infancy
- Count Andrei Lvovich Tolstoy (1877-1916), served in the Russian-Japanese War
- Count Michael Lvovich Tolstoy (1879-1944)
- Calculate Alexei Lvovich Tolstoy (1881-1886)
- Countess Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya (18 July 1884 - 26 September 1979)
- Calculate Ivan Lvovich Tolstoy (1888-1895)
The marriage was marked early on by sexual desire and emotional insensitivity when Tolstoy, ahead of their marriage, gave him a diary detailing his vast past and the fact that one of the slaves in his land had given birth to a son for him. Even so, their early marriage life pleased and allowed Tolstoy much freedom and support system to write War and Peace with Anna Karenina with Sonya acting as her secretary, editor, and financial manager. Sonya is copying and his epic handwriting works from time to time. Tolstoy will continue editing War and Peace and must have a clean final draft to be sent to the publisher
However, their later life together has been described by A. N. Wilson as one of the most unpleasant in literary history. Tolstoy's relationship with his wife worsens as his belief becomes more radical. It sees him trying to deny the wealth he inherited and acquired, including the rejection of copyright over his earlier works.
Some members of the Tolstoy family left Russia after the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the formation of the Soviet Union, and many relatives Leo Tolstoy and his descendants currently reside in Sweden, Germany, England, France, and England. Union. Among them are Swedish jazz singer Viktoria Tolstoy and Swedish landowner Christopher Pope, whose family owns Herresta outside Stockholm.
One of his great-grandchildren, Vladimir Tolstoy (born 1962), is director of the Yasnaya Polyana museum since 1994 and advisor to the Russian President in cultural affairs since 2012. Ilya Tolstoy's great-grandson, Pyotr Tolstoy, is a well-known Russian TV journalist and presenter Duma Negara since 2016. His cousin Fyokla Tolstaya (born Anna Tolstaya in 1971), daughter of the famous Soviet Slavist Nikita Tolstoy (ru) (1923-1996), is also a Russian journalist, TV and radio host.
Novels and fictitious works
Tolstoy is regarded as one of the Russian literary giants; his works include novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina and novellas such as Hadji Murad and Death Ivan Ilyich.
The earliest works of Tolstoy, the autobiographical novel The Childhood, the Childhood and Young Age (1852-1856), tell of the owner's son rich land and his slow awareness of the gap between himself and the peasants. Although he later rejected them as sentimental, most of Tolstoy's own life was revealed. They retain their relevance as stories about the universal story of growing up.
Tolstoy served as the second lieutenant in the artillery regiment during the Crimean War, told in Sevastopol Sketches . His experience in battle helped generate the next pacifism and gave him material for a realistic portrayal of the horrors of war in his later work.
His fiction consistently tried to convey realistically the Russian society in which he lived. The Cossack (1863) describes the life of the Cossacks and people through the story of a Russian nobleman in love with a Cossack girl. Anna Karenina (1877) tells a parallel story of an adulterous woman trapped by convention and forgery of people and philosophical landowners (such as Tolstoy), working with farmers in the fields and trying to reform their lives. Tolstoy not only draws from his own life experience but also creates a character in his own image, such as Pierre Bezukhov and Prince Andrei in Levin at Anna Karenina and to some extent , Prince Nekhlyudov in the Awakening .
War and Peace is generally regarded as one of the greatest novels ever written, extraordinary because of its dramatic breadth and unity. Its vast canvas covers 580 characters, many of which are historic with others fictitious. The story moves from family life to Napoleon's headquarters, from the Alexander I palace from Russia to the battlefields of Austerlitz and Borodino. Tolstoy's original idea for the novel is to investigate the cause of the Decembrist revolt, which only refers to the last chapters, from which it can be concluded that Andrei Bolkonsky's son would be one of the Desembris. This novel explores Tolstoy's historical theory, and in particular the individual meanings of individuals like Napoleon and Alexander. Somewhat surprisingly, Tolstoy did not regard War and Peace as a novel (nor did he consider much of the Russian fiction written at the time as a novel). This view becomes less surprising if one assumes that Tolstoy was a novelist of a realist school who regarded the novel as a framework for examining social and political issues in nineteenth-century life. War and Peace (which for Tolstoy is really epic in prose) is therefore not eligible. Tolstoy thinks that Anna Karenina is her first true novel.
After Anna Karenina , Tolstoy concentrated on Christian themes, and his novels such as the Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886) and What to Do? Developed a radical anarcho-pacifist Christian philosophy that led to his exclusion from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1901. As all praise bombarded Anna Karenina and War and Peace Tolstoy rejecting both later works as incompatible with reality.
In his novel The Resurrection , Tolstoy tries to expose man-made legal injustices and institutionalized church hypocrisy. Tolstoy also explores and explains Georgisme's economic philosophy, where he has been a very strong supporter towards the end of his life.
Tolstoy also tried himself in poetry with several soldier songs written during military service and fairy tales in poems like Volga-bogatyr and Oaf defined as national folk songs. They were written between 1871 and 1874 for his book Russian Book for Reading , a collection of short stories in four volumes (a total of 629 stories in various genres) published together with the New Azbuka textbook and addressed to schoolchildren. Nevertheless, he is skeptical about poetry as a genre. As he says, "Writing poetry is like plowing and dancing at the same time". According to Valentin Bulgakov, he criticized poets, including Alexander Pushkin, for their "fake" nickname used "only to make it rhyme".
Tolstoy's characters pay for a lofty tribute. Fyodor Dostoyevsky considers it the greatest of all living novelists. Gustave Flaubert, while reading the War and Peace translation, exclaimed, "What an artist and a psychologist!" Anton Chekhov, who often visits Tolstoy in his countryside, writes, "When literature has Tolstoy, it is easy and fun to be a writer, even when you know you are not achieving anything yourself and still have not achieved anything, on the contrary, because Tolstoy reaches for everyone, what it does serve to justify all the hopes and aspirations invested in the literature. "19th century British poet and critic Matthew Arnold argues that" A Tolstoy novel is not a work of art, but a piece of life. "
Novelis then continues to appreciate Tolstoy's art, but sometimes also expresses criticism. Arthur Conan Doyle writes, "I am intrigued by his sincerity and by the force of his details, but I am humiliated by his concessions and by unreasonable and unworkable mysticism." Virginia Woolf stated he was "the greatest of all novelists." James Joyce notes that "He is never boring, never stupid, never tired, never rambling, never berteater!" Thomas Mann writes of Tolstoy's seemingly helpless art: "Rarely is a work of art very similar to nature." Vladimir Nabokov accumulates superlatives on the deaths of Ivan Ilyich and Anna Karenina ; he questioned, however, the reputation of War and Peace, and sharply criticized The Resurrection and The Kreutzer Sonata.
Religious and political beliefs
After reading Schopenhauer the World as Will and Representation , Tolstoy gradually became converted to the ascetic morality upheld in the work as a proper spiritual path for the upper classes: "Do you know what this summer means to me? "The constant appointment of Schopenhauer and the whole series of spiritual joys I have never experienced before...... no students have ever learned so much in their classes, and learned so much, as I did this summer"
In Chapter VI of A Confession , Tolstoy quotes the last paragraph of Schopenhauer's work. It explains how the absence resulting from self-denial is entirely nothing but relative, and not to be feared. This novel was struck by the description of Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu pagan denial as a way to holiness. After reading the following passages, which are found in many of Schopenhauer's ethical chapters, the Russian nobility chose poverty and an official denial of will:
But the need for this unintentional suffering (for the poor) for eternal salvation is also expressed by the Savior's utterance (Matthew 19:24): "It is easier for a camel to enter through a pinhole, than for a rich man to enter into kingdom of God. "Therefore, those who are very earnest about their eternal salvation, choose voluntary poverty when fate has denied this to them and they are born into wealth. Thus Shakyamuni Buddha was born as a prince, but was voluntarily taken to the beggar's staff; and Francis of Assisi, the founder of the order of beggars who, as a young boy in a ball, where daughters of all strangers sat together, were asked: "Now Francis, will you not make your choice from these beautiful women? " and who answered: "I have made a far more beautiful choice!" "Who?" " La povertÃÆ' (poverty)": where he left everything shortly afterwards and wanders through the land as a beggar.
In 1884, Tolstoy wrote a book called What I Believe , in which he openly confessed his Christian beliefs. He affirmed his belief in the teachings of Jesus Christ and was primarily influenced by the Sermon on the Mount, and an order to change the other cheek, which he understood as "the command of non-resistance to evil with violence" and a doctrine of pacifism and nonviolence. In his work the Kingdom of God is within you, he explains that he is considered to mistake the Church's teaching because they have made "deviations" from the teachings of Christ. Tolstoy also received letters from the American Quaker who introduced him to non-violent writings of Quaker Christians such as George Fox, William Penn, and Jonathan Dymond. Tolstoy believed that being a Christian required him to become a pacifist; the consequences of being pacifist, and the seemingly inescapable war by the government, were the reason why he was considered a philosophical anarchist.
Later, various versions of "Tolstoy's Bible" will be published, showing the parts that Tolstoy relied upon most, in particular, Jesus' reported words.
Tolstoy believes that a true Christian can find eternal happiness by striving for the perfection of the inner self through following the Great Commandment to love neighbor and God rather than look out into the Church or ask for guidance. His belief in nonresistance in the face of conflict is another attribute that is different from his philosophy based on the teachings of Christ. By directly influencing Mahatma Gandhi with this idea through his work The Kingdom of God is Within You (full text of English translation available on Wikisource), Tolstoy's deep influence on the non-violent resistance movement resonates to this day. He believes that aristocracy is a burden to the poor, and that the only solution to how we live together is through anarchism.
He also opposed private ownership in the ownership of the land and the institution of marriage and valued the ideals of chastity and sexual abstinence (discussed in the Father of Sergius and the preface to The Kreutzer Sonata ), ideals are also held by young Gandhi. Tolstoy's later work gained the passion and passion from the depths of his harsh moral views. Sergius's temptation at Sergius's father, for example, was one of his victories in the future. Gorky tells how Tolstoy had read this part before him and Chekhov and Tolstoy shed tears at the end of the reading. Other parts of the other rare forces include personal crises faced by the protagonists of the Death of Ivan Ilyich and Master and the Man, in which the main character in the last or reader is made aware of the stupidity of life the protagonists.
Tolstoy had a major influence on the development of Christian anarchist thought. Tolstoyan was a small Christian anarchist group formed by Tolstoy's associate, Vladimir Chertkov (1854-1936), to propagate Tolstoy's religious teachings. The philosopher Peter Kropotkin wrote about Tolstoy in an article on anarchism in 1911 EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica :
Without calling itself anarchist, Leo Tolstoy, like his predecessors in the popular religious movements of the 15th and 16th centuries, Chojecki, Denk and many others, took an anarchist position in terms of state and property rights, summing up his conclusions from the common spirit. about the teachings of Jesus and from the command of reason that is needed. With all the strength of his talent, Tolstoy makes (especially in the Kingdom of God Is In Yourself ) a strong criticism of church, state and law, and especially the current property law. He describes the country as the dominance of the bad guys, supported by brutal force. The robbers, he says, are far more dangerous than a well-organized government. He makes a search critique of the current prejudices concerning the benefits given to man by the church, state, and distribution of existing property, and from the teachings of Jesus he concludes the rule of non-resistance and absolute condemnation. of all wars. Yet his religious arguments are combined with arguments borrowed from impartial observation of present-day evils, that the anarchic parts of his works appeal to both religious and non-religious readers.
During the Boxer Rebellion in China, Tolstoy praised the Boxers. He is very critical of the atrocities committed by Russia, Germany, America, Japan, and other western forces. He accused them of being involved in the massacre when he heard about looting, rape, and murder, in what he saw as Christian brutality. Tolstoy also named the two kings most responsible for the atrocities; Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany. Tolstoy, a famous sinophile, also read works by Chinese thinkers and philosophers, Confucius. Tolstoy corresponded with Chinese intellectual Gu Hongming and recommended that China remain an agrarian country and warn against what kind of reform Japan is implementing.
The Eight-State Intervention in Boxer Rebellion was criticized by Tolstoy like the Philippine-American War and the Second Boer War between the United Kingdom and two independent Boer republics. The words "terrible because of injustice and cruelty" are used to describe the Tsar's intervention in China by Tolstoy. Confucius's works were studied by Tolstoy. The attack on China in Boxing Uprising was condemned by Tolstoy. The war against China was criticized by Leonid Andreev and Gorkey. To the Chinese people , a letter, written by Tolstoy as part of the criticism of war by intellectuals in Russia. Russia's activities in China by Nicholas II are described in an open letter where they were slammed and denounced by Leo Tolstoy in 1902. Tolstoy corresponded with Gu Hongming and they both opposed the Hundred Day Reform by Kang Youwei and agreed that the reform movement was dangerous. Tolstoy's ideology of nonviolence shaped the anarchist thinking of the Society for the Study of Socialism in China. Lao Zi and Confucian teachings were studied by Tolstoy. Chinese Wisdom " is a text written by Tolstoy.The Boxer Rebellion motivated Tolstoy's interest in Chinese philosophy, and Boxer and Boxer's war was criticized by Tolstoy.
In hundreds of essays during the last 20 years of his life, Tolstoy repeated anarchist criticism of the state and recommended books by Kropotkin and Proudhon to his readers, while rejecting anarchisms of violent revolutionary ways. In the 1900 essay, "On Anarchy", he wrote; "The Anarchists are right in all things, in the negation of the existing order, and in the statement that, without Authority, there can be no worse violence than the Authority in the existing conditions.they are mistaken only in thinking that Anarchy can be instituted by a revolution , but it will be institutionalized simply because there are more and more people who do not need the protection of government power... There is only one permanent revolution - one moral: the inner regeneration of man. "Despite his doubts about anarchist violence, Tolstoy took the risk to circulate the forbidden publications of thinkers anarchist in Russia, and corrected evidence of Kropotkin's "Words of a Rebel", which was illegally published in St. Petersburg in 1906.
Tolstoy was in great demand by Henry George's economic thinking, incorporating it in approval into later works such as <<> Awakening (1899), a book that played a major factor in excommunication.
In 1908 Tolstoy wrote a Letter to a Hindu who described his belief in nonviolence as a means for India to gain independence from British colonial rule. In 1909, a copy of the letter was read by Gandhi, who worked as a lawyer in South Africa at the time and only became an activist. Tolstoy's letter is very important to Gandhi, who wrote Tolstoy looking for evidence that he is the true author, leading to further correspondence between them.
Reading Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God Is In You also convinces Gandhi to avoid violence and support nonviolent resistance, the debt recognized by Gandhi in his autobiography, calling Tolstoy "the greatest nonviolent apostle who today has produced." The correspondence between Tolstoy and Gandhi would last only a year, from October 1909 until Tolstoy's death in November 1910, but led Gandhi to name Tolstoy Colony into his second ashram in South Africa. In addition to nonviolent resistance, the two men share the same beliefs about the benefits of vegetarianism, the subject of several Tolstoy essays.
Tolstoy also became a major supporter of the Esperanto movement. Tolstoy was impressed by the pacifist beliefs of the Doukhobors and brought their persecution to the attention of the international community, after they burned their weapons in peaceful protests in 1895. He assisted the Doukhobor in migrating to Canada. In 1904, during the Russian-Japanese War, Tolstoy condemned the war and wrote to Japanese Buddhist priest Soyen Shaku in a failed attempt to make a joint peace statement.
Toward the end of his life, Tolstoy was increasingly preoccupied with the economic and philosophical theories of Georgism. He speaks of the marvelous admiration of Henry George, who states once that "People do not argue with the teachings of George, they know nothing about it, and it is impossible to do otherwise with his teachings, for he who is acquainted with it can not but agree." He also wrote a preface for George Social Problems . Tolstoy and George both denied private ownership of the land (the most important source of income of passive Russian nobles who Tolstoy was highly criticized) while simultaneously both rejecting a centrally planned socialist economy. Some people assume that the development of Tolstoy's thought is a step away from his anarchist view, since Georgism requires the central government to collect land rent and spend it on infrastructure. However, an anarchist version of Georgism has also been filed since then. The Tolstoy novel of 1899 The Resurrection explores his thinking about Georgism in more detail and suggests that Tolstoy does have that view. This shows the possibility of small communities with some form of local government to manage the collective land rent for public goods; while still strongly condemning state institutions such as the judicial system.
Death
Tolstoy died in 1910, at the age of 82 years. Just before his death, his health has been the concern of his family, who is actively involved in his daily care. Over the last few days, he has spoken and written about death. After unleashing his aristocratic lifestyle, he finally gathered the courage to separate himself from his wife, and left home in the middle of winter, on a dead night. His secret passage was a real attempt to escape unannounced by the envious Sophia. He openly opposed many of his teachings, and in recent years has been the envy that Tolstoy seems to have poured over his Tolstoyan "pupils".
Tolstoy died of pneumonia at the Astapovo train station, after a day's train journey south. The station chief took Tolstoy to his apartment, and his private doctor was summoned to the scene. She was given morphine and camphor injections.
Police are trying to limit access to his funeral procession, but thousands of farmers march on the streets. However, someone heard to say that, other than knowing that "some nobles have died", they know little about Tolstoy.
According to some sources, Tolstoy spent the last hours of his life telling love, non-violence, and Georgism to fellow passengers on the train.
In the movie
A 2009 film about Tolstoy's final year, The Last Station, based on Jay Parini's novel, was made by director Michael Hoffman with Christopher Plummer as Tolstoy and Helen Mirren as Sofya Tolstoya. Both players were nominated for an Oscar for their roles. There is another film about the author, including the Departure of a Grand Old Man , made in 1912 just two years after his death, How Good, How Fresh the Roses (1913) and Leo Tolstoy , directed by and starring Sergei Gerasimov in 1984.
There is also a famous film missing from Tolstoy made a decade before he died. In 1901, an American travel lecturer, Burton Holmes visited Yasnaya Polyana with Albert J. Beveridge, US senator and historian. When the three men talked, Holmes filmed Tolstoy with a 60 mm film camera. After that, Beveridge's advisors managed to destroy the film, worried that documentary evidence about a meeting with Russian writers might hurt Beveridge's chances of running for president of the United States.
Bibliography
See also
- Anarchism and religion
- Christian Vegetarianism
- List of peace activists
- Tolstoyan Movement
- Henry David Thoreau
- Last Station
- War & amp; Peace (TV 2016 series)
Note
References
Further reading
- Craraft, James. Two Shining Souls: Jane Addams, Leo Tolstoy, and Quest for Global Peace (Lanham: Lexington, 2012). 179 pp.
- Trotsky 1908 honor to Leo Tolstoy Published by the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI).
- Tolstoy's Life: A Few Years Later by Aylmer Maude, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1911 on the Internet Archive
- Why We Failed as Christians by Robert Hunter, The Macmillan Company, 1919 on Wikiquote
- Why we fail as Christians by Robert Hunter, The Macmillan Company, 1919 on Google Books
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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