Maya calendar

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The Mayan Calendar is a calendar system used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and in many modern communities in the highlands of Guatemala, Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, Mexico.

The essence of the Mayan calendar is based on a system that has been commonly used throughout the region, dating back to at least the 5th century BC. It shares many aspects with the calendars used by earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as Zapotec and Olmec and the contemporary or later ones like the Mixtec and Aztec calendars.

With the Maya mythology tradition, as documented in the Colonial Yucatec account and reconstructed from the Classical and Postclassic Classical inscriptions, Itzamna's god is often credited with bringing knowledge of the calendar system to the Maya ancestors, along with the general writing and other basic aspects of the Maya Culture.

Video Maya calendar

Ikhtisar

Different calendars are used to track longer time periods and for calendar date inscriptions (that is, identify when an event occurs in relation to others). This is Long Count . It is a matter of days from the starting point of mythology. According to the correlation between the Long Count and the Western calendar received by most Maya researchers (known as Goodman-Martinez-Thompson, or GMT, correlation), this starting point is equivalent to August 11, 3114 BC in the Proleptic Gregorian Calendar or September 6, in the Julian calendar (-3113 astronomy). The GMT correlation was chosen by John Eric Sydney Thompson in 1935 on the basis of previous correlations by Joseph Goodman in 1905 (August 11), Juan MartÃÆ'nez HernÃÆ'¡ndez in 1926 (August 12) and Thompson himself in 1927 (13 August). Due to its linear nature, the Long Count can be extended to refer to any date far into the past or the future. This calendar involves the use of a positional notation system, where each position signifies an increase in multiples of the number of days. The Maya numerical system is essentially a vigesimal (ie, base-20) and each unit of a particular position represents 20 times the unit of position that precedes it. An important exception is made to the value of the second-order place, which instead represents 18 ÃÆ'â € "20, or 360 days, closer to the solar year than 20 ÃÆ'â €" 20 = 400 days. The cycle of the Long Count does not depend on the year of the sun.

Many of the Maya Long Count inscriptions contain additional series, which provide information about the lunar phase, the current month number of months in a series of six and which of the nine Lords of the Night regulations.

Less common or poorly understood cycles, calendar combinations and progressions are also tracked. Calculate 819-days proved in some inscriptions. Repeating the 9 day set (see below "Nine lord of the night") associated with various groups of gods, animals and other important concepts are also known.

Maps Maya calendar

Tzolk'in

The tzolk'in (in modern Maya orthography; also commonly written tzolkin ) is the name commonly used by Maya researchers for the Holy Mayan Circle or the 260-day calendar. The word tzolk'in is a neologism created in Yucatec Maya, which means "day count" (Coe 1992). The names of these calendars as used by precolumbian Maya are still debated by scholars. Aztec calendar matches are called Tonalpohualli , in Nahuatl languages.

The tzolk'in calendar combines twenty days of names with thirteen days to produce 260 unique days. This is used to determine the timing of religious and ceremonial events and forecasts. Each day are consecutively numbered from 1 to 13 and then start again at 1. Separately from this, each day is given a sequential name from a list of 20 day names:

Some systems start counting with 1 Imix ', followed by 2 Ik', 3 Ak'b'al, etc. up to 13 B'en. The number of days then starts again at 1 while the order of the day names continues, so the next day in order is 1 Ix, 2 Men, 3 K'ib ', 4 Kab'an, 5 Etz'nab', 6 Kawak and 7 Ajaw. With all twenty days named being used, this now begins to repeat the cycle while the sequence of numbers continues, so the next day after 7 Ajaw is 8 Imix '. Therefore, repetition of these interconnected 13 and 20 day cycles takes 260 days to complete (that is, for every possible combination of numbers/days mentioned to occur once).

The earliest inscription known as Tzolk'in is the Olmec earpool with 2 Ahau 3 Ceh - 6.3.10.9.0, Sept 2 -678 (Julian astronomy).

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Haab'

The Haab 'consists of eighteen months and twenty days each plus a period of five days ("anonymous days") at the end of the year known as Wayeb' (or Uayeb in the 16th century orthography). Five days Wayeb 'is considered a dangerous time. Foster (2002) writes, "During Wayeb, the portal between the mortal world and the Underworld was dissolved." There is no limitation that prevents the evil god from causing disaster. To ward off these evil spirits, the Mayans had the customs and rituals they practiced during Wayeb '. For example, people avoid leaving their homes and washing or combing their hair. Bricker (1982) estimates that Haab 'was first used around 550 BC with the starting point of the winter solstice.

Haab moon names are known today with their corresponding names in the colonial era of Yukatek Maya, as transcribed by a 16th-century source (in particular, Diego de Landa and books like Chilam Balam of Chumayel). The phonemic analysis of the Haab echo names in pre-Columbian Maya inscriptions has shown that the names for this twenty day period vary from region to region and from period to period, reflecting differences in the basic language (s) and use in Classical and Postclassic eras preceding their recording by Spanish sources.

Every day in Haab's calendar is identified by the number of days in a month followed by the month's name. The day number begins with a glyph translated as the named "seat" of the month, which is usually regarded as the 0 day of the month, although the minority treats it as the 20th day of the month before the month mentioned. In the latter case, Pop seating is Day 5 'Wayeb. For the majority, the first day of the year is 0 Pop (Pop seat). This is followed by 1 Pop, 2 Pop as far as 19 Pop then 0 Wo, 1 Wo and so on.

Since Haab 'has 365 days and the tropical year is 365.2422 days, the days of the Haab' do not coincide with the tropical year.

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The Calendar Round Date is the date that gives Tzolk'in and Haab '. This date will recur after 52 Haab 'of the year or 18,980 days, a Calendar Round. For example, the current creations start at 4 Ahau 8 Kumk'u. When this date is repeated, this is known as the completion of Calendar Round.

Arithmetically, the duration of the Calendar Round is the most common multiple of 260 and 365; 18,980 is 73 ÃÆ'â € "260 days Tzolk'in and 52 ÃÆ'â €" 365 Haab 'days.

Not all Tzolk'in and Haab combinations can occur. For the days of Tzolk'in Imix, Kimi, Chwen and Kib ', the day of Haab can only be 4, 9, 14 or 19; for Ik ', Manik', Eb 'and Kab'an, Haab day can only be 0, 5, 10 or 15; for Akb'al ', Lamat, B'en and Etz'nab', the day of the Haab can only be 1, 6, 11 or 16; for K'an, Muluk, Ix and Kawak, the day of Haab can only be 2, 7, 12 or 17; and for Chikchan, Ok, Men and Ajaw, Haab's day can only be 3, 8, 13 or 18.

Carrier Year

"Bearer of the Year" is the name of the Tzolk'in day that occurred on the first day of the Haab '. If the first day of Haab 'is 0 Pop, then every 0 Pop will coincide with the date of Tzolk'in, for example, 1 Ik'Ã, Ã, 0 Pop. Since there are twenty names of the Tzolk'in days and the Haab year has 365 days (20 * 18 5), the name of Tzolk'in for each successful zero day Haab will increase by 5 in the cycle of day names like this:

1 I Pop 0 Pop Site 2 Manik'Ã, Ã, 0 Pop The Site 3 Eb'Ã, Ã, 0 Pop The Site 4 Kab'an Ã, 0 Pop Themes 5 My 0 Pop...

Only the four names of Tzolk'in days that can coincide with 0 Pop and the fourth is called "Bearer of the Year".

"The Year of the Bearer" literally translates the Maya concept. The interest lies in two facts. For one, four years led by Bearers of the Year are named by them and share their characteristics; Therefore, they also have their own prognosis and protective deity. In addition, since Bear Year is geographically identified with boundary or mountain markers, they help define local communities.

The classical system of Carrier Year described above is found in Tikal and in Dresden Codex. During the Late Classical period, a series of different Carriers Year was used at Campeche. In this system, Bearer of the Year is Tzolk'in which coincides with 1 Pop. These are Ak'b'al, Lamat, B'en and Edz'nab. During the Post-Classical period in YucatÃÆ'¡n a third system is in use. In this system the Carrier Year is the days that coincide with 2 Pop: K'an, Muluc, Ix and Kawak. This system is found in the Chronicle of Oxkutzcab. Moreover, just before the Spanish conquest in Mayapan, the Maya began counting the days of the Haab 'from 1 to 20. In this system, the Bearers of the Year are the same as the 1 Pop - Campeche system. The Classic Year Carrier system is still used in the highlands of Guatemala and in Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico.

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Long Count

Since the Calendar Round dates repeats every 18,980 days, about 52 solar years, the cycle repeats approximately every once in a lifetime, so a finer dating method is required if history is accurately recorded. To set a date for more than 52 years, Mesoamericans use the Long Count calendar.

The name Maya for a day is k'in . Twenty of these are known as winal or uinal . Eighteen winners make one tun . Twenty songs are known as k'atun . Twenty k'unsuns make b'ak'tun .

The Long Count Calendar identifies the date by counting the number of days from the date of the creation of Maya 4 Ahaw, 8 Kumk'u (11 August 3114 BC in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or 6 September in the Julian calendar -3113 astronomical date). But instead of using a base-10 (decimal) scheme like Western numerals, the Long Count calculation is calculated by a modified base-20 schema. Thus 0.0.0.1.5 equals 25 and 0.0.0.2.0 equals 40. Since the wrestling unit after only counting up to 18, the Long Count consistently uses base-20 only if the tun is considered the main unit of measurement, not k 'in; with k'in and winal units being the number of days in tuning. Long Count 0.0.1.0.0 represents 360 days instead of 400 in pure base-20 (vigesimal) count.

There are also four more rarely used cycles that are higher: piktun, kalabtun, k'inchiltun and alautun.

Since Long Count dates are not ambiguous, the Long Count is perfect for use on monuments. Monumental inscriptions include not only 5 digits of the Long Count, but will also include two tzolk'in characters followed by two 'haab' characters.

Misinterpretation of the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar is the basis for popular belief that a disaster will occur on December 21, 2012. December 21, 2012 is just the day when the calendar goes to the next b'ak'tun, on Long Count 13.0.0.0.0. The date on which the calendar will go to the next piktun (full series of 20 b'ak'tuns), at Long Count 1.0.0.0.0.0, will be held on October 13 4772.

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Additional Series

Many of the Classical Period inscriptions include a series of glyphs known as the Supplementary Series. The operation of this series was largely undertaken by John E. Teeple (1874-1931). The Supplemental Series most often consists of the following elements:

Lords of the Night

Every night is ruled by one of the nine rulers of the underworld. The nine-day cycle is usually written as two flying machines: a flying machine that refers to the Nine Tens as a group, followed by a flying machine for the lord who will rule the next night.

Lunar Series

The lunar series is generally written as five glyphs that provide information about the current payoff, the number of lunar months in a series of six, the current moon god and the current pay off.

Monthly age

The Maya count the number of days in the current lunar month. They use two systems for the zero date of the lunar cycle: either on the first night they can see the thin crescent moon or the first morning when they can not see the faded moon. The moon's age is depicted by a set of glyphs that D and E machines might have created:

• New month bubbles are used for day zero in the lunar cycle.
• D glyphs are used for the lunar age during days 1 through 19, with the number of days elapsed from the new moon.
• For the 20 to 30th lunar age, the E-glyph is used, with the number of days from 20.

Load Count

The Maya counted those months. This cycle appears in the lunar series as two flying machines that modern scholars call 'C' and 'X' glyphs. The flying machine C can start with a number that shows the lunar month. There is no prefix number which means one, while numbers two through six indicate the other months. There is also a section of the C flying machine that shows where this falls in a cycle larger than 18 months. The accompanying C glyphs are 'X' glyphs that exhibit a similar pattern of 18 months.

Wavelength

The current synod era is about 29.5305877 solar days or about 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes and 2 ⁷ / ₉ seconds. As an integer, the number of days per month will be 29 or 30 days, with a 30-day interval always occurring slightly more often than the 29-day interval. Maya writes whether the lunar month is 29 or 30 days as two glyphs: a flying machine for long payoff followed by glyphs flying glyphs over a bundle with a suffix of 9 for 29 days of months or months of glyphs with a suffix of 10 for a 30-day month. Since the Mayans do not use fractions, the settlement is estimated by using the formula that there are 149 months completed in 4400 days, resulting in a fairly short average month of ⁴⁴⁰⁰ / ₁₄₉ = 29 ⁷⁹ / ₁₄₉ day = 29 days 12 hours 43 minutes and 29 ⁵⁹ / ₁₄₉ seconds, or about 29 , 5302 days.

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count of 819 days

Some Mayan monuments include glyphs that record an 819-day count in their Initial Series. It can also be found in the Dresden codex. This is explained in Thompson. A further example of this can be found in Kelley. Each group of 819 days is associated with one of four colors and the direction of the cardinal associated with it - black corresponds to west, red to east, white to north and yellow to south.

Count of 819 days can be explained several ways: Most of this is called using "Y" glyph and numbers. Many also have glyphs for K'awill - a god with a smoking mirror on his head. K'awill has been suggested to have a relationship with Jupiter. In Dresden codex almanac 59 there are Chaacs of four colors. The accompanying texts begin with a directional glyph and verb for the 819-day-count phrase. Anderson gave a detailed explanation of the 819 days count.

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Short count

During the Late classical period, Maya began to use short sums that were shortened instead of the Long Count. This example can be found in altar 14 in Tikal. In the Postclassic Kingdom of YucatÃÆ'¡n, Short Count is used instead of Long Count. Short count of cycles is a count of 13 k'atuns (or 260 songs), where each k'atun is named after its closing day, Ahau ('Tuan'). 1 Imix was selected as the 'first day' of repeating cycle, corresponding to 1 Cipactli in a matter of days Aztec. The cycle is calculated from the cotton 11 Ahau to the cotton 13 Ahau, with the coefficient of the final days of cotton running on the order of 11 - 9 - 7 - 5 - - 3 - - 1 - 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 - 2 - 13 Ahau (due to the distribution of 20 ÃÆ'â € "360 days before 13 fall 2 short days). The closing day of 13 Ahau is followed by re-entering the first day of 1 Imix. This is a system found in Chilam Balam's colonial book. In typical Mesoamerican fashion, these books project the cycle into the landscape, with 13 Ahauob 'Lordships' dividing the land of YucatÃÆ'¡n into the 13 'kingdom'.

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See also

• The 2012 phenomenon
• Maya Religion
• Mayaism
• Tres Zapotes # Stela C
• Maya astronomy
• Aztec Calendar

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Note

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References

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External links

• Cybercurrent Summer Day in Project Gutenberg 1897 text by Cyrus Thomas
• date converter in FAMSI This converter uses the Julian/Gregorian calendar and covers a cycle of 819 days and the age of the month.
• Interactive Maya Calendar
• Mayan calendars, date conversions, contemporary year versions, Tzolkin, and Haab days in Ronde Calendar

Source of the article : Wikipedia