The lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community in San Francisco is one of the largest and most prominent LGBT communities in the world, and is one of the most important in the history of LGBT rights and activism. The city itself has, among many of its nicknames, the nickname "the gay capital of the world", and has been described as "the genuine 'gay-friendly' city." The LGBT culture is also active in companies based in Silicon Valley, located within the San Francisco Bay Area.
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The LGBT culture of San Francisco is rooted in its home town as a border city, what SF State University professor Alamilla Boyd says as "San Francisco's history of sexual permissiveness and its function as a city wide open - the city where everything is happening". The discovery of gold saw a population explosion from 800 to 35,000 inhabitants between 1848 and 1850. These immigrants consisted of miners and seekers of luck from various nationalities and cultures, although more than 95% were young men.
Transient and diverse populations driven into a relatively anarchist environment are less likely to conform to social conventions. For example, with an unbalanced gender ratio, men often take roles that are conventionally given to women in the social and domestic sphere. Cross-gender dresses and common-type dance are prevalent in city mask parties where some men will assume the traditional role of women goes so far as to wear women's clothing. In his study, "Catching clothes, dressed in the nineteenth century San Francisco", Clare Sears also explains the many cases of women dressed in men's clothing in public spaces for the promotion of social and economic freedom, safety, and gender-progressive experiments. Cross-dressing is still an important part of LGBT culture in the city today.
The late 1800s experienced a demographic shift in the city along with new social and political attitudes. Anti-vice campaigns appear to target prostitution along with criminalization that is considered a gender violation including forbidding cross-dressing in 1863. The cross-dressing law and public recognition law continue to inform LGBT culture and its interaction with law enforcement until the 20th century. This political shift resulted in the strange culture of San Francisco reappearing in Barbary bar, nightclub, and entertainment bars, removed from police and control. Through the years 1890 to 1907, Barbary Beach, San Francisco's red light district, located on Pacific Avenue, features same-sex prostitution and female impersonators serving male clients.
20th century
Through WWII - in the shadow
Michael Stabile from Out declared that the first "famous" gay bar in San Francisco was The Dash, which opened in 1908. During World War I, the US Navy initiated the "blue release" practice, homosexuals in port cities, helped create a gay community in San Francisco. The LGBT community of San Francisco was first formed in the 1920s and 1930s. The most prominent LGBT area is North Beach. Mona's, San Francisco's first lesbian bar, opened on Union Street in 1934, and featured cross-dressing servants and entertainers Gladys Bentley. Nightclubs with drag events attract gay and direct audiences.
During World War II, gay nightlife in San Francisco passed several waves of oppression and reorganization. From 1942 to 1943, the San Francisco Moral Drive - made up of military patrols - conducted a series of raids targeting gay bars in San Francisco, with the stated purpose of protecting soldiers from homosexuals. Chinatown, as one of the places where gay visitors gather, has also been searched several times. For example, In 1943, police raided a gay bar, Rickshaw in Chinatown, and arrested 24 customers and two dozen subscribers, including a pair of lesbians who tried to fight and sparked a minor riot.
Todd J. Ormsbee, a professor of American studies at San Jose State University who wrote the Gay Meaning: Interaction, Publicity, and Community among Homosexual Men in the 1960s of San Francisco, stated that " male culture "emerged in San Francisco because of the city's" relative safety "compared to other American cities and because it was" permissive "in the city's culture.
1950s - Beats, and first organization
Beat culture erupted in San Francisco in the 1950s with an uprising against middle-class values ​​and thus being in tune with homosexuality and other lifestyles instead of part of mainstream culture. Poets who moved to San Francisco from New York thrived in the atmosphere of San Francisco settlements, and some people like Allen Ginsberg openly are gay. In this condition the first homosexual groups were established, such as the Daughters of Bilitis, founded in San Francisco, and the Mattachine Society, which began in Los Angeles. Police attacked the Black Cat bar, which has a bohemian client and LGBT as well as entertainer and activist Jose Sarria, sparking an important legal struggle for homosexual protection in the 1950s.
1960 - SF as gay capital, first struggle for recognition
The Tavern Guild, the first gay business association in the United States, was created by a gay bar owner in 1962 in response to continued police harassment and gay bar closures, and continued into 1995.
San Francisco became connected with the LGBT community in the media as a result of the June 1964 "Life" article, "Gay San Francisco," which states that San Francisco is "the American gay capital."
The Society for Individual Rights (SIR), founded in San Francisco in 1964, publishes the Vector magazine and became the second largest homophile organization in the United States. SIR focuses on community building, public identity and legal and social services. This challenges the prevailing notion that homosexuality should be kept secret when hosting a general dance of 600 people at California Hall on Polk Street, withdrawing police abuse and support from local religious leaders.
Vanguard, an LGBT youth organization in the low-income Tenderloin district, was formed in 1965. It is considered the first Gay Gay liberation organization in the United States.
In 1966, one of the first transgender riots recorded in US history took place. Compton's Cafeteria Riot takes place in the San Francisco Tenderloin district. The night after the riots, transgender people, swindlers, Tenderloin street people, and other LGBT community members joined in picket in the cafeteria, which did not allow transgender people back. The demonstration ended with a newly installed stained glass. windows are destroyed again. According to the online encyclopedia glbtq.com, "In the aftermath of the unrest at Compton's, a transgender network of social, psychological, and medical support services was established, culminating in 1968 with the establishment of the National Transsexual Counseling Unit [NTCU], the first peer support and peer advocacy organization world ".
One of the earliest organizations for bisexual, the Sexual Liberties League in San Francisco, was facilitated by Margo Rila and Frank Esposito starting in 1967. Two years later, during a staff meeting at San Francisco mental health facility serving LGBT people, Nurse Maggi Rubenstein came out as bisexual. Because of this, bisexuals are being included in the facility program for the first time.
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1970-an - Pembebasan gay, Castro keluar
In the midst of the Stonewall riots in New York in June 1969, groups in New York, San Francisco, and elsewhere became active in 1970, promoting rights for gay, established newspapers and parades held in major cities to commemorate the anniversary of the riots. These different endeavors are known collectively as the Gay liberation movement in the United States, and mainly involve gay and lesbian men.
In 1970 a group of gay activists on the West Coast of the United States held a march and 'Gay-in' in San Francisco. In 1972 it evolved into the Gay Liberation Day Parade, renamed several times since then to the San Francisco Pride.
The Castro identification as a gay environmental identity began in the 1960s and 1970s when LGBT people began to move to the community. The first gay bar that had a clear window was the Twin Peaks Tavern, which wiped out the unconscious window in 1972. The term "copycat Castro" came from this neighborhood when some gay men began to adopt a style of masculine clothing that included denim jeans and plaid shirts.
Lesbian bars and women's organizations began breeding in the 1970s, including bars such as Maud's, Peg's Place, Amelia's, Wild Side West, and A Little More, as well as women's coffee shops, bookstores and baths. Many businesses and women's organizations are concentrated in the Valencia Street area of ​​the Mission District.
The world's first gay softball League was formed in San Francisco in 1974 as the Softball League Community, which eventually included both women's and men's teams. The teams, usually sponsored by gay bars, compete against each other and fight the San Francisco Police softball team. San Franciscan also created the gay university, Lavender U, and hosted the world's first gay film festival in 1977.
Cockettes, a collection of gayedelic gay theaters started by Hibiscus, were popular entertainers in the early 1970s. One of their members, Sylvester, went on to gain international recognition during the Disco Era.
In 1976 Maggi Rubenstein and Harriet Levi founded the San Francisco Bisexual Center. It is the center of a longstanding bisexual community, offering Bay Area bisexual counseling and support services, and publishing bulletins, The Bi Monthly, from 1976 to 1984.
Peter Adair, Nancy Adair and other members of the inaugural Mariposa Film Group's inaugural documentary on exit, Word Is Out: Stories from Some of Our Lives, at the Castro Theater in 1977. The film is the first long documentary about gay identity by gay filmmakers and lesbians.
In November 1977, Harvey Milk was elected the first open gay politician in the city of San Francisco; he became a member of the San Francisco Board of Trustees. Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club was founded as San Francisco Gay Democratic Club in 1976 and received its current name in 1978 in honor of Harvey Milk after he was assassinated. This club is a more progressive branch of Alice B. Toklas Democracy Club, founded in San Francisco in 1971, the first gay Democratic club in the United States. Harry Britt was the club president when Milk was assassinated and appointed by Mayor Feinstein to succeed Milk as a watchdog. Britt then became the second openly elected gay official in San Francisco, as well as the first gay official to openly become the President of the Supervisory Board, writing and passing domestic partnership legislation. He made it through leasehold control rules, was the highest-gay elected official in the city during the start of the AIDS epidemic, and later became Deputy Chairman of the American Democratic Socialist.
Anne Kronenberg, who is openly lesbian, was a Milk campaign manager during the San Francisco Board of Trustees' campaign, and later worked as her assistant when she held the office. In 1978, Sally Miller Gearhart argued with Milk to defeat Proposition 6 (also known as the "Briggs Initiative" sponsored by John Briggs), which would ban gays and lesbians from teaching in public schools in California. Milk was assassinated on 27 November 1978 in the Moscone-Milk murders. Riots broke out after the perpetrator, Dan White, received a murder verdict, and was sentenced to seven years in prison.
Gilbert Baker raised his first LGBT Pride flag at the San Francisco Pride on June 25, 1978.
The Perpetual Indulgence Sisters started in the Castro District in 1979, and eventually became national.
1980s and 1990s - the crisis of AIDS and its response
The gay community of San Francisco was devastated by the AIDS epidemic after the discovery of the HIV virus in 1981.
In the early 1980s, AIDS began affecting the male LGBT population in San Francisco, with a fatal illness throughout the 1990s. 15,548 people in San Francisco have died of AIDS before the introduction of drugs treating AIDS, and a total of nearly 20,000 people died within 15 years from the start of the AIDS crisis. The victims have news of death in the LGBT newspaper of the San Francisco area. Randy Shilts, who later died of AIDS, is one of the major journalists of the AIDS epidemic. He was employed as a national correspondent by the San Francisco Chronicle in 1981, becoming the first openly gay reporter with a gay "beat" in mainstream American media. In 1984, bisexual activist David Lourea eventually persuaded the San Francisco Public Health Department to identify bisexual men in their official AIDS statistics (weekly report "New AIDS and death statistics"), after two years of campaigning. Health departments throughout the United States are starting to recognize bisexual men because of this, whereas before they were mostly only known to gay men. The documentary "We Were Here" covered the 1990s AIDS crisis in San Francisco. Created by David Weissman, the film opens in Los Angeles and receives screenings at the Castro Theater.
The term LGB refers to the first Lesbian, Gay and Bisexuals to be used in the mid to late 1980s to more clearly indicate bisexual influx.
The Gay Games were held in San Francisco in 1982 and 1986.
In 1984, On Our Backs magazine began publishing in San Francisco, featuring erotic lesbian lesbians.
Bear culture began to be popularized among gay men by publishing Bear Magazine in San Francisco in 1987.
After 2000 - same-sex marriage and Trans awareness
The first decade of the new century saw a new awareness of transgender identity in San Francisco, with the founding of the first trans pride march in 2004 and touting several important legal events in the movement toward same-sex marriage in California, sparked by San Francisco. Gavin Newsom mayor step in 2004 to allow city hall to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples.
Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon became the first sex couples to marry legally in the United States in 2004. However, all same-sex marriages conducted in 2004 in California were canceled in 2008 by California Prop 8 which overturned the California Supreme Court ruling in May 2008 that gives same-sex couples in California the right to marry. Same-sex marriage was terminated until 2013 when the US Supreme Court rendered them back in law at Hollingsworth v. Perry .
In 2004, San Francisco Trans March was first held. It has been held every year since; it is the largest transgender event in San Francisco and one of the largest trans events around the world.
In 2007 Theresa Sparks was elected president of the San Francisco Police Commission with one vote, making him the first transgender person ever elected president of every San Francisco commission, as well as the transgender high official in San Francisco.
In 2011, the San Francisco Commission on Human Rights released a report on bisexual visibility, entitled "Bisexual Occult: Impact and Regulation"; this is the first time a government agency has released such a report.
In 2013, San Francisco Supervisory Board member David Campos started a campaign to make San Francisco International Airport renamed Harvey Milk.
Pete Kane of SF Weekly stated in 2014 that assimilating into mainstream society, "displacement due to the explosive cost of living, and atomization in the face of hand-held sex" are all trends that have the potential to be eliminated. "LGBT community" and that this trend "feels most acute" in San Francisco.
In 2016, the San Francisco Supervisory Board passed a law, written by Scott Wiener, prohibiting the city from doing business with state-owned companies such as North Carolina, Tennessee, and Mississippi, which prohibits the protection of civil rights for LGBT people- person
Maps LGBT culture in San Francisco
Community Organizations and Institutions
The Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) was founded in San Francisco in 1955 by four lesbian couples (including Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon) and was the first national lesbian and political social organization in the United States.
The Mattachine community moved its headquarters from Los Angeles to San Francisco in the 1950s.
Memorial Democracy Club Alice B. Toklas, an organization of the middle-aged LGBT Democrats, was founded around 1971.
In 1975, the Gay Latino Alliance (GALA) was founded in San Francisco, driven by an interest in creating a Latino float for the San Francisco Gay Pride Parade. This is one of the first Latin Latino organizations in the United States and is located in the Mission District of San Francisco. The group was created in response to a lack of focus on intersexality in the gay community of San Francisco. The Alliance raises funds through dances and other events and donates money to political grassroots campaigns. One of its founders, Diane Felix, also established various oddly different organizations including Community United in Response to AIDS/SIDA (CURAS) in 1981 and Proyecto ContraSIDA por Vida in 1993.
Proyecto ContraSIDA por Vida is a community-based grassroots HIV prevention organization in the district of Mission. Leading participants and employees within the organization include Adela Vazquez, Trans Latina's final range coordinator from Proyecto.
In 1983, BiPOL, the first and oldest bisexual political organization, was founded in San Francisco by bisexual activists Autumn Courtney, Lani Ka'ahumanu, Arlene Krantz, David Lourea, Bill Mack, Alan Rockway and Maggi Rubenstein. In 1984, BiPOL sponsored the first bisexual rights rally, outside the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco. The series featured nine speakers from civil rights groups allied to the bisexual movement.
In 1987, the Bay Area Bisexual Network, the oldest and largest bisexual group in the San Francisco Bay Area, was founded by Lani Ka'ahumanu, Ann Justi and Maggi Rubenstein.
The oldest national bisexuality organization in the United States, BiNet USA, was founded in 1990. Originally called the North American Multicultural Biscuits Network (NAMBN), and held its first meeting at the first National Bisexual Conference in America. This first conference was held in San Francisco, and sponsored by BiPOL. Over 450 people attended from 20 states and 5 countries, and the mayor of San Francisco sent a proclamation "praising the bisexual rights community for its leadership in the cause of social justice," and declared June 23, 1990 Bisexual Day of Pride.
From the 1970s to the 1980s, the Asian-American LGBT community started their movement, setting up a number of gay and lesbian Asian-American organizations in San Francisco. Gay Asia Pacific Alliance is one of the organizations that lead the movement for strange Asian Americans to fight racism and sexism. In the following activities, they run HIV programs for strange people, especially strange people. In 1994, the Asia Pacific Asia and Asia Pacific Sisters joined the Lunar New Year Parade, which is the first time an odd Asian-American community attends ethnic activity openly.
The GLBT History Society, founded in 1985, retains one of the world's largest archives of LGBT-related material. Since 2011, it has also operated the GLBT History Museum in Castro District.
The Golden Gate Business Association is the LGBT chamber of commerce. The StartOut LGBT entrepreneurship organization is also based in the city. The Bay Area Career Women is a lesbian professional development group.
San Francisco's LGBT Community Center is located in San Francisco. The growing LGBT population caused some publishers to apply the San Fagcisco moniker to the city, while residents were given a San Fagciscan demonym.
Demographics
In the 1970s, the city's gay male population rose from 30,000 in the early decade to 100,000 in a city of 660,000 at the end.
In 1993 Stephen O. Murray, in "The Gay Community Component in San Francisco," writes that most LGBT residents in San Francisco come from other cities and "get out" in other cities. The 2015 Gallup poll found that 6.2% of San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward residents were identified as LGBT, the highest of any metropolitan area in the United States. In the city of San Francisco itself, a 2006 survey found that 15.4% of the population was identified as LGBT. In District 8 of the US Congress, which consists of San Franciscan voting ages, 16.6% of adults identify as LGBT.
According to the 2013 survey, 29% of San Francisco's homeless residents identify as LGBT.
Nearby Areas
In the 1920s and 1930s, LGBT's most prominent area was North Beach. Polk Gulch was a popular gay neighborhood from the 1950s to the 1980s, hosting the annual Halloween party that later moved to Castro. Folsom Street is home to the first leather bars, and still hosts the annual Folsom Street Fair. In 1977 most LGBT communities centered in Market Street and Haight-Ashbury areas.
The Castro San Francisco area is best known as the gay neighborhood. It began in the 1960s and 1970s when LGBT people began to move to the community. It was there that Harvey Milk owned his camera store and did a lot of organizing in the 1970s. The neighborhood now features permanent Rainbow Pride flags, the LGBT History Museum, and Walk of Fame with the names of prominent LGBT people written on the sidewalk. While The Castro retains its identity, in 2014 Spencer Michels of PBS Newshour states that Castro becomes "a little more heterosexual, a little fancy shopping street".
The mission has long been an environment with strong Latin/presence, and is home to the first Latin gay bar in San Francisco, Esta Noche, along with other Latin Latino bars such as La India Bonita and El Rio. The mission is also home to Proyecto ContraSIDA por Vida, the HIV/HIV Prevention organization. Lesbians, Latinas and non-Latinas, were attracted to this neighborhood in the 1980s; has hosted several lesbian bars, Women's Centers, coffee shops, bookstores, and women's baths.]
Chinatown in San Francisco is also a place that is closely related to LGBT culture, where the history of sexuality began with the development of the sexual industry in the mid-19th century. In the mid-20th century, when nightclubs and gay bars rose in Chinatown, Chinatown became the most famous for sex tourism, attracting LGBT clients from around the world. In 1994, Sister Asia Pacific Asia and Asia Asia Gay initially joined the Chinese New Year's Parade in Chinatown, which is the first time that American American society has accepted openly LGBT American organizations.
Culture and recreation
Gay bars and lesbian bars serve as LGBT community centers and areas where LGBT citizens have public visibility. Michael Stabile of Out stated that the first known "gay bar" was The Dash, which opened in 1908. The number of San Francisco gay bars increased in the 1960s. In 1973, there were 118 gay bars listed in the San Francisco Gay Yellow Pages, in 2011, there were 33. The first gay bar that had a clear window was the Twin Peaks Tavern, which wiped out the unconscious window in 1972. The first Gay Bar Latino was Esta Noche, in 1979. In 2014 Pete Kane stated that when rights and same-sex culture became mainstream, many of the city's gay bars have been closed due to gentrification or being "post-gay".
In the 1970s, softball games became a popular recreational form for gay and lesbian men, with teams sponsored by bars competing against each other, as well as against the San Francisco police.
The National Queer and Frameline Arts Festival, which is the largest and oldest LGBT film festival, was held in San Francisco. Harvey Milk has founded Castro Street Fair. Other events include San Francisco Pride, Folsom Street Fair, and Pink Saturday.
Chorus Gay Men San Francisco based in the city.
GLBT History Society Museum is located in Castro District.
Media
LGBT-centric LGBT local newspapers are Bay Area Reporter , San Francisco Bay Times , and San Francisco Sentinel . Centric-lexical magazines published in the city are Curve and Girlfriends .
The growing LGBT population caused some publishers to apply the San Fagcisco moniker to the city, while residents were given a San Fagciscan demonym.
Politics
San Francisco has opened LGBT identity participation in its political system. In 2012 William Harless of PBS Newshour stated that "the gay political scene in San Francisco is still an exception".
Memorial Democracy Club Alice B. Toklas is a middle-class organization of the LGBT Democratic Party. The club was founded around 1971. Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club is very leaning to the left. The Milk club was founded as San Francisco Gay Democratic Club in 1976 and received its current name in 1978. Both Democrats raise money during the Alice Pride breakfast, held every June and attended by the Mayor of San Francisco and other regional politicians.. In 2012, members of Barack Obama's re-election campaign attend breakfast. Lynn Rapoport of San Francisco Bay Guardian states that in San Francisco there is "the possibility of even some Log Cabin Republicans."
Proposition 8
Political participation for and against California Proposition 8, which seeks to ban gay marriage, depends on race, age, educational level, and religious affiliation; there is a high-income environment that selects high-income propositions and environments that choose to oppose propositions. Stronger religious people are more likely to favor propositions. White people have a lower probability of becoming Pro-Proposition 8 while blacks and Asians choose stronger support for the proposition. People with university degrees choose largely opposing propositions while those with only a secondary school diploma opt for most for a proposition. The 18-29 age group strongly opposed Proposition 8 and 60 and older age groups voted strongly for it. Voters Education Committee of China (CAVEC; Mandarin: ????????? ; pinyin: HuÃÆ'¡yÃÆ'¬ Xu? NmÃÆ'n JiÃÆ' oyÃÆ'¹w? IyuÃÆ'¡nhuÃÆ'¬ ) director David Lee ( ??? ; L? ZhÃÆ'¬w? I ) states that immigrants who have been in San Francisco for more than ten years largely voted against the proposition while those who have been in city ​​for less than 10 years is largely chosen for it.
In 2008, out of 580 police stations in San Francisco, all but 54 opposed Proposition 8. Outside of elections strongly opposed to Proposition 8 including Laurel Heights, Marina and Mission Bay. The Mission District office around 24th Street BART Station has about 20% of the votes in favor of Proposition 8. About 24% of those in Sea Cliff voted Proposition 8, and a percentage of them at St. Francis Wood voting in favor of his proposal is 35%. In Castro, 3% of voters voted in favor of Proposition 8.
The voting area of ​​more than 50% supports Proposition 8 including parts of Bayview-Hunters Point, Excelsior, communities around Lake Merced, and Valley Visitacion. Some residents of the Visitacion Valley stated that they did not want their children to learn about gay marriage at school; they mistakenly believed that the act would forbid children to learn about gay marriage at school. Other Valley Valley residents cite their religious beliefs. Chinatown is one of the most favored areas of Proposition 8; David Lee stated that Yes on 8 caused many Chinese-speaking voters to choose propositions by taking advertisements in Chinese regional newspapers. The areas with the highest percentage for votes are in parts of Chinatown and Downtown, of which 65% support. The parts of Downtown include the Four Seasons Hotel, San Francisco, and St. Regis Museum Tower as well as other city blocks around Bloomingdale's. Political consultant David Latterman stated that residents in the area recently moved to San Francisco and were less connected to cities than they were in other rich areas.
In fiction
The 'Tales of the City' and Looking series illustrate LGBT culture in San Francisco.
Novel Valencia by Michelle Tea explores the lesbian culture of the 1990s Mission District.
The Novel A Named Horse of Sorrow by Trebor Healey was set up in San Francisco in the 1980s and 90s.
Emma Victor's series of mystery novels by Mary Wings is about a San Francisco private detective.
In the 2015 Inside Out Pixar movie, LGBT culture is referenced by Anger by stating that he saw someone resembling a bear.
Famous people
- Tom Ammiano, activist and politician
- Harry Britt (activist and city inspector)
- David Campos (gay member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors)
- Margaret Cho, (the bisexual comedian and the original San Franciscans.)
- Lea Delaria, comedian, actress, and musician who started her career in San Francisco
- Cleve Jones (gay activist)
- Bill Kraus (gay rights and AIDS activist)
- Alec Mapa (actor)
- Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon (lesbian activist)
- Harvey Milk (former member of the San Francisco Board of Trustees)
- Armistead Maupin, author of Tales of the City
- Jose Sarria (entertainer and activist)
- Randy Shilts, (author and reporter for San Francisco Chronicle and The Advocate)
- Theresa Sparks (Transgender Executive Director of the San Francisco Commission on Human Rights)
- Rikki Streicher (business owner, activist, store owner, Gay softball promoter, co-founder of Gay Games)
- Sylvester, the singer who started his career in San Francisco
- Michelle Tea, (author of the lesbian novel of San Francisco Valencia )
- Carol Queen (bisexual writer, editor, sociologist and sexologist)
- Adela Vazquez (Cuban trans-activist, HIV case manager, Latino AIDS Education and Prevention Program Coordinator)
- Bianca Von Krieg (LGBT activist, television personality, actress, comedian)
References
- Boyd, Nan Almilla. Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer of San Francisco until 1965 . University of California Press, May 23, 2003. ISBNÃ, 0520938747, 9780520938748.
- Lipsky, William. Gay and Lesbian San Francisco . Arcadia Publishing, 2006. ISBNÃ, 0738531383, 978-0738531380.
- Murray, Stephen O. "Components of Gay Community in San Francisco" (Chapter 4). In: Herdt, Gilbert H. Gay Culture in America: Field Essays . Beacon Press, January 1, 1993. ISBNÃ, 0807079154, 9780807079157. Starting page: 107.
- Ormsbee, Todd J. Gay Meaning: Interaction, Publicity, and Communities among Homosexual Men in the 1960s San Francisco . Book Lexington, July 10, 2012. ISBN: 0739144715, 9780739144718.
- Sheiner, Marcy. "The Foundations of the Bisexual Community in San Francisco: Interview with Dr. Maggi Rubenstein", in anthology Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out, edited by Lorraine Hutchins and Lani Ka'ahumanu, Alyson Publications, 1991. ISBN 1 -55583 -174-5, 978-1555831745.
Note
Further reading
- Fritscher, Jack. Gay San Francisco: Eyewitness Drummer: Memoirs of Sex, Art, Salon, Pop Culture War, and Gay History of Drummer Magazine, Titanic 1970s to 1999, Volume 1 . Palm Drive issuance, November 1, 2006. ISBNÃ, 1890834394, 9781890834395.
- Lipsky, William. Gay and Lesbian San Francisco . Arcadia Publishing, 2006. ISBNÃ, 0738531383, 978-0738531380.
- Sheiner, Marcy. "The Foundations of the Bisexual Community in San Francisco: Interview with Dr. Maggi Rubenstein", in anthology Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out, edited by Lorraine Hutchins and Lani Ka'ahumanu, Alyson Publications, 1991. ISBN 1 -55583 -174-5, 978-1555831745.
- Stryker, Susan, and Jim Van Buskirk. Gay by the Bay: A History of Queer Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area . Chronicle Books, March 1, 1996. ISBNÃ, 0811811875, 9780811811873.
See also
- Queer history in Chinatown, San Francisco
- LGBT social movement
External links
- LGBT Community Center San Francisco
- GLBT History Society
- Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club
- Alice B. Toklas LGBT Democratic Club
- SF Gay History: Exploring the History of the LGBT Community of San Francisco
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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