Fake news websites (also referred to as fake news websites ) are Internet websites that deliberately publish false news - deception, propaganda, and disinformation claiming to be real news - often using social media to drive web traffic and strengthen its influence. Unlike news satire, fake news sites are deliberately looking to be considered legitimate and taken at face value, often for financial or political gain. These sites have promoted political lies in Germany, Indonesia and the Philippines, Sweden, Myanmar and the United States. Many sites originated, or promoted by, Russia, Macedonia, Romania, and the United States.
Video Fake news website
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One pan-European newspaper, The Local , describes the proliferation of false news as a form of psychological warfare. Some media analysts see it as a threat to democracy. In 2016, the European Parliamentary Committee on Foreign Affairs issued a warning resolution that the Russian government uses "pseudo news agencies" and Internet trolls as a propaganda disinformation to undermine confidence in democratic values.
In 2015, the Swedish Security Service, the Swedish national security agency, issued a report concluding Russia used false news to inflame "divisions in society" through the proliferation of propaganda. The Swedish Ministry of Defense commissioned the Department of Civil Contingencies by eradicating false news from Russia. News of fraud affects politics in Indonesia and the Philippines, where there is limited use of social media and limited resources to examine the truth of political claims. German Chancellor Angela Merkel warned of the social impact of "fake sites, bots, trolls".
Fake articles spread through social media during the 2016 US presidential election, and several officials in the US Intelligence Community said that Russia was involved in spreading false news. The computer security firm FireEye concluded that Russia is using social media to spread false news as part of a cyberwarfare campaign. Google and Facebook banned fake sites using online advertising. Facebook launched a partnership with a fact-checking website to flag fake news and hoaxes; dismantle organizations that join the initiative including: Snopes.com, FactCheck.org, and PolitiFact. US President Barack Obama says that ignoring the fact creates a "cloud of nonsense dust". Alex Younger's Chief of Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) called online fake news propaganda harmful to democratic countries.
Maps Fake news website
Definitions
Some fake news websites use website spoofing, structured to make visitors believe they are visiting a trusted source such as ABC News by Paul Horner or MSNBC. The New York Times defines â € Å"fraudulent newsâ € on the internet as a fictitious article deliberately designed to deceive the reader, generally with the goal of making a profit through clickbait. PolitiFact describes fake news as a fake content designed to deceive the reader and then make viral over the Internet to the crowds that increase its spread.
Counterfeit news maintains Internet presence and tabloid journalism in the years before the 2016 presidential election. Prior to the election campaign involving Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, false news did not affect the selection process and subsequent events to high levels. After the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with left-wing political supporters saying that right-wing political supporters spread false news, while the latter claimed they were being "censored". Because of this back and forth complaint, the definition of false news used for such polemics is becoming more vague.
Pre-Internet history
Unethical journalistic practices existed in the print media for hundreds of years before the advent of the Internet. Journalism yellow, reporting from standards that have no moral and professional ethics, has spread over a period of time in history known as the Gilded Age, and unethical journalists will engage in deceit by making stories, interviews and names made for bachelor.. During the 1890s this unethical spread of news fueled violence and conflict. Both Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst led to yellow journalism to increase profits, which helped lead to a misunderstanding that became partly responsible for the start of the Spanish-American War in 1898. A radio broadcast from Gleiwitz by German army Karl Homack pretended to be an invader Poland, which has captured the station, was taken at face value by other stations, in Germany and abroad, which sparked Adolf Hitler's war declaration in Poland the next day. According to USA Today , newspapers with false news publishing history have included Globe , Weekly World News and The National Enquirer i>.
Prominent sources
The prominent among the fake news sites includes fake propaganda made by individuals in the countries of Russia, Macedonia, Romania, and the United States. Macedonia
Most of the false news during the 2016 US presidential election season was traced to teenagers in Macedonia, particularly Veles. This is a city with 50,000 in the middle of the country, with a high unemployment rate, where the average wage is $ 4,800. Revenue from fake news is flagged by NBC News as a gold rush. Adults support this income, saying they are happy that the youth work. Veles Mayor Slavcho Chadiev says he is not bothered by their actions, as they are not against Macedonian law and that their finances may be taxed. Chadiev says he is happy if the fraud from Veles affects the 2016 US election results that support Trump.
BuzzFeed News and The Guardian separately investigated and found teenagers in Veles created over 100 sites spreading false news in favor of Donald Trump. The teens experimented with a left tilt false story about Bernie Sanders, but found that pro-Trump fiction is more popular. Before the 2016 election, teens earned income from fake medical advice sites. A young man named Alex stated, in an August 2010 interview with The Guardian , that this deception will remain profitable regardless of who won the election. Alex explains he plagiarized material for articles by copying and pasting from other websites. This can earn thousands of dollars every day, but they average only a few thousand per month.
The Associated Press (AP) interviewed an 18-year-old at Veles about his tactics. Google Analytics analysis of its traffic shows over 650,000 views in a week. He plagiarized pro-Trump stories from a right-wing site called The Political Insider . He says he does not care about politics, and publish fake news to earn money and experience. The AP uses DomainTools to confirm the teen is behind a fake site, and decides there are about 200 websites tracked to Veles that are focused on US news, many of which contain mostly legal news traced to create an impression of credibility.
NBC News also interviewed an 18 year old teenager there. Dmitri (a pseudonym) is one of the most lucrative fake news operators in the city, and says about 300 people in Veles are writing for a fake site. Dmitri said he earned more than $ 60,000 over the previous six months through doing this, more than his parents' income. Dmitri said the people who were deceived were primarily Trump supporters. He said after the 2016 US election he continued to earn significant amounts.
The US election in 2020 is their next project.
Romanian
"Ending the Fed", a popular supplier of fake reports, is run by 24-year-old Ovidiu Drobota from Oradea, Romania, who boasted to Inc. magazine about becoming more popular than mainstream media. Founded in March 2016, "Ending the Fed" was responsible for a false story in August 2016 that falsely claimed that Fox News had fired journalist Megyn Kelly - her story briefly stood out on Facebook in the "News Trends" section. "Ending the Fed" held four of the 10 most popular fake articles on Facebook that were linked to US elections in the previous three months before the election itself. The Facebook page for the website, called "End the Feed", has 350,000 "likes" in November 2016. After being contacted by Inc. magazine , Drobota said he was proud of the impact he gained in the 2016 US election to support his elected candidate Donald Trump. According to Alexa Internet, "Ending the Fed" garnered about 3.4 million views over a 30-day period in November 2016. Drobota said most of the incoming traffic came from Facebook. He said his normal line of work before starting "Ending the Fed" includes web development and search engine optimization.
Russian
Internet Research Agency
Beginning in autumn 2014, The New Yorker writer Adrian Chen conducted a six-month investigation into online Russian propaganda by a group called the Internet Research Agency. Evgeny Prigozhin, a close associate of Vladimir Putin, was behind the operation that employs hundreds of people to work in Saint Petersburg. The group is considered an "agricultural troll", a term used to refer to propaganda efforts to control multiple accounts online with the aim of artificially providing a grassroots organization similarity. Chen reported that Internet trolling is used by the Russian government as a tactic especially after observing the social media organizations from the 2011 protests against Putin.
The EU response
In 2015, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe released a critical analysis of Russia's disinformation campaign disguised as news. This is intended to disrupt Ukraine's relations with Europe after the dismissal of former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych. According to Deutsche Welle, similar tactics are used in US elections in 2016. The EU created a task force to handle Russia's disinformation. The task force, East StratCom Team, has 11 people including Russian speakers. In November 2016, the EU voted to increase group funding. In November 2016, the European Parliamentary Committee on Foreign Affairs issued a resolution warning usage by Russian tools including: "pseudo news agencies... social media and internet trolls" as a disinformation to undermine the values ​​of democracy. The resolution calls for EU analysts to investigate, explaining member states need to be wary of disinformation. The resolution condemned Russian sources for publicizing "completely false" news reports. The count on November 23, 2016 passed by a margin of 304 votes to 179.
Counter-Disinformation Team
The US State Department plans to use a unit called the Counter-Disinformation Team, formed with the intention of fighting disinformation from the Russian government, and that it was dissolved in September 2015 after the department heads missed the scope of propaganda before the US in 2016. elections. The US State Department set eight months to develop the unit before disposing of it. This will be a reboot from the Active Action Working Group formed by the Reagan Administration. The Counter-Disinformation team was formed under the International Information Program Bureau. Work begins in 2014, with a view to combating propaganda from Russian sources such as RT networks (formerly known as Russia Today). US Intelligence officials explained to former National Security Agency analyst and intelligence officer John R. Schindler that the Obama Administration decided to cancel the unit because they feared opposing Russia. US Deputy Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy Richard Stengel was the right person for the unit before being canceled. Stengel previously wrote about disinformation by RT.
Focus trolls Internet trolls to Trump
Adrian Chen observed a pattern in December 2015 in which the pro-Russian account became a supporter of US presidential candidate Donald Trump. Andrew Weisburd and the Overseas Research Institute colleagues and senior colleagues at the Center for Cyber ​​and Homeland Security at George Washington University, Clint Watts, wrote for The Beatles in August 2016 that articles made in Russian propaganda popularized by social media. Weisburd and Watts document how disinformation spreads from Russia Today and Sputnik News, "the two largest Russian state-controlled media organizations that publish in English", to a pro-Russian account on Twitter. Citing research by Chen, Weisburd and Watts compared Russian tactics during the 2016 US election to the Cold War strategy of the Soviet Union. They referenced the 1992 United States Information Agency report to Congress, which warned about Russian propaganda called active action. They concluded social media made active action easier. The Institute for International Relations, senior fellow and scholar on Russian intelligence Mark Galeotti agrees that the Kremlin operation is a form of active action. The most squeaky Internet promoters from Trump are not US citizens but pay the Russian propagandists. The Guardian estimates their number to be "low thousands" in November 2016.
Weisburd and Watts collaborated with colleagues JM Berger and published a follow-up to their article Daily Beast in War online magazine War on the Rocks , titled: "Trolling for Trump: How Russians Are Trying Destroying our Democracy ". They studied 7,000 pro-Trump accounts over a two and a half year period. Their research detailed trolling techniques to undermine Russian activity criticism in Syria, and develop a lie about Clinton's health. Watts says the propaganda targets right-wing, right-wing and fascist groups. After each presidential debate, thousands of Twitter bots use the #Trumpwon tag to change perceptions.
In November 2016, the Institute for Foreign Policy Research {{efn | Fortune magazine describes the Institute for Foreign Policy Research as: "a conservative think tank known for its generally hawkish stance on relations between the US and Russia" says Russia. propaganda exacerbates Clinton's criticism and support for Trump. The strategy involves social media, paid Internet trolls, botnets, and websites to defame Clinton.
AS. intelligence analysis
The computer security firm FireEye concluded Russia used social media as a weapon to influence the US election. FireEye chairman David DeWalt said the 2016 operation was a new development in the cyber war by Russia. FireEye CEO Kevin Mandia stated that Russian cyberwarfare changed after autumn 2014, from covert tactics to decreased operational security. Analyst Bellingcat Aric Toler explains the facts only drawing further attention to the issue of false news.
US Intelligence Agents debated why Putin chose summer 2016 to increase active action. Before the election, US national security officials said they were worried about Russia damaging US news. National Intelligence Director James R. Clapper said after Russia's 2011-13 protests, Putin lost confidence, and responded with propaganda operations. Former CIA official Patrick Skinner says the goal is to spread uncertainty. House Intelligence Committee Ranking Member Adam Schiff commented on Putin's goal, and said that US intelligence is concerned about Russian propaganda. Speaking of disinformation that emerged in Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Poland, Schiff said there was an increase in similar behavior in the US.
US intelligence officials declared in November 2016 they believed Russia was involved in spreading false news, and the FBI released a statement saying they were investigating. Two US intelligence officials each told their BuzzFeed News they believe Russia helped spread false news and propaganda as part of a wider effort to influence and undermine the presidential election. US intelligence sources say this involves "spreading false news completely". They told the BuzzFeed the FBI's inquiry focuses specifically on why "Russia has been involved in spreading false or misleading information".
United States
Impact
Fake news has influenced political discourse in many countries, including Germany, Indonesia and the Philippines, Sweden, China, Myanmar and the United States.
Austria
Politicians in Austria are dealing with the impact of false news and its spread on social media after the 2016 presidential campaign in the country. In December 2016, a court in Austria issued an order on Facebook Europe, obliging to block negative posts linked to Eva Glawischnig-Piesczek, Chairman of the Austrian Green Party. According to The Washington Post post to Facebook about him "seems to have spread through fake profiles" and directed an insulting nickname against Austrian politicians. The derogatory post was probably made by an identical false profile previously used to attack Alexander van der Bellen, who won the election for the President of Austria.
Brazil
Brazil is facing increasing influence from false news after the election of President Dilma Rousseff in 2014 and the subsequent impeachment of Rousseff in August 2016. In this week around one impeachment vote, 3 of the 5 most-distributed articles on Facebook in Brazil are fake. In 2015, reporter Tai Nalon resigned from his position in Brazilian newspaper Folha de S.Paulo to start the first fact-checking website in Brazil, called Aos Fatos (To The Facts). Nalon told The Guardian there was a lot of fake news, and was hesitant to compare the problems with those experienced in the US.
Canada
Online counterfeit news was brought to the attention of Canadian politicians in November 2016, as they debated helping to help local newspapers. Member of Parliament for the Vancouver Center Hedy Fry specifically discusses fake news as an example of the way in which publishers on the Internet are less accountable than print media. Discussions in parliament contrasted the rise of online counterfeit news by streamlining Canadian newspapers and their impact on democracy in Canada. Representatives from Facebook Canada attended the meeting and told members of Parliament that they felt it was their duty to help individuals collect data online.
China
False news during the 2016 US election spread to China. The article was popularized in the United States translated into Chinese and distributed in China. The Chinese government uses the growing problem of fake news as a reason to increase internet censorship in China in November 2016. China then published an editorial in the Communist Party newspaper The Global Times which is called: "The Western media war" against Facebook ", and criticized the" political problems unforeseen "shown by the freedom enjoyed by users of Twitter, Google, and Facebook. the meeting of the leaders of the Chinese government in Wuzhen on Internet Conference third World in November 2016 said the false news in the US elections are justified add more restrictions to free and open use of the Internet. Vice Minister of China's Ren Xianliang, officials in Cyberspace Administration of China, said the growing participation online cause "harmful information" and fraud. Kam Chow Wong, a former law enforcement official Hong Kong and professor of criminal justice at Xavier University, praised the US effort to patrol the social media. The Wall Street Journal record the theme of China's Internet censorship is becoming more relevant in the Internet World Conference for the development of false news.
Finnish
Officials from 11 countries met in Helsinki in November 2016, to plan the creation of a center to combat cyber-war disinformation including spreading false news in social media. The center is planned to be located in Helsinki and includes efforts from 10 countries with participation from Sweden, Germany, Finland, and Finnish Prime Minister of Finland Juha SipilÃÆ'¤ planned to deal with the center in spring 2017 with a movement in front of the Finnish Parliament. Jori Arvonen, Undersecretary of State for EU Affairs, said cyberwarfare is an increasing problem by 2016, and includes cyber-war cyber intervention to Finland from Russia and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Arvonen cites examples including online fake news, disinformation, and small green men's forces during the Ukrainian crisis.
French
France sees an increasing number of disinformation and propaganda, especially in the midst of electoral cycles. Le Monde the fact-checking division "Les dÃÆ' Ã… © codeurs" is headed by Samuel Laurent, who told The Guardian in December 2016 of the upcoming French presidential election campaign in spring 2017 will face problems from false news. The country is facing controversy over a fake website that provides false information about abortion. The lower parliamentary body of government is moving forward with the intention to ban such fake websites. Laurence Rossignol, women's minister for France, informs parliament even though the fake websites look neutral, in fact their intentions are specifically targeted to provide false information to women. Over a period of 10 years before 2016, France witnessed the growing popularity of a right-wing alternative news source called the fachosphere ("facho" which refers to the fascist); known as extreme right on the Internet. According to sociologist Antoine Bevort, quoting data from the Alexa Internet rankings, the most consulted political websites in France include Æ' © © © © © © © © © FranÃÆ'§ois Desouche i>, and Les Moutons EnragÃÆ' Â © s . These sites increase the skepticism of the mainstream media from a left and right perspective.
German
German Chancellor Angela Merkel deplored the issue of false news reports in November 2016 speech, just days after announcing her campaign for a fourth term as her country's leader. In a speech in the German parliament, Merkel criticized the fake site, saying that they were hurt political discussions. Merkel is calling attention to the government's need to deal with Internet trolls, bots, and fake news sites. He warned that such fake news sites are forces that increase the power of popular extremism. Merkel calls fraud news as a growing phenomenon that may need to be regulated in the future. German Foreign Intelligence Agency, Chief of the Federal Intelligence Service, Bruno Kahl, warned of potential cyber attacks by Russia in Germany's 2017 election. He said cyber attacks would take the form of a deliberate disinformation. Kahl says the goal is to increase the chaos in political debates. German domestic intelligence agency The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitutional Chief, Hans-Georg Maassen, said sabotage by Russian intelligence is a current threat to German information security.
India
India has over 50 million accounts on Whatsapp instant messaging smartphone by 2016. On November 8, 2016, India set a 2,000 rupee currency bill on the same day as India 500 and 1,000 rupee debt repayments. False news circulated in Whatsapp that the record was equipped with spy technology that tracked the bill 120 meters below the earth. Finance Minister Arun Jaitley refuted the falsehood, but not before they spread to the country's main news channel. Prabhakar Kumar from Indian media research institute CMS, told India's Guardian more difficult to get false news because the country does not have a media policy for verification. Law enforcement officials in India arrested individuals for allegedly making fictitious articles, especially if there was a possibility that the article would trigger a social conflict. BBC Monitoring quotes Pakistan Today which records a precise example of post-truth politics, a statement by politician and broadcaster Aamir Liaquat on the Kargil War between India and Pakistan. Liaquat defended the actions of the Pakistani Armed Forces in a similar statement: "we did not attack Kargil and we taught the Indians a lesson when we invaded Kargil". BBC Monitoring use this example to observe prominent reporting of counterfeit news in the Middle East.
Indonesia and Philippines
News fraud has become a problem in Indonesia and the Philippines, where social media has a huge political influence. According to media analysts, developing countries with new access to social media and democracy feel the issue of false news to a greater extent. In some developing countries, Facebook provides free smartphone data for Facebook and media sources, but at the same time does not give users Internet access to fact-checking websites.
Italy
Between 1 October and 30 November 2016, ahead of the Italian constitutional referendum, five of ten referential-related stories with much of the social media participation are hoaxes or inaccurate. Of the three stories with the most social media attention, two of them are fake. Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi met with US President Obama and European leaders at a meeting in Berlin, Germany in November 2016, and spoke on the issue of fake news. Renzi held a discussion on Facebook Live in an attempt to refute online lies. His influence became so severe that Renzi's senior adviser started a defamation complaint on anonymous Twitter users who had used the screen name "Beatrice di Maio".
The Five Star Movement (M5S), an Italian political party founded by Beppe Grillo, runs a fake news site reinforcing support for Russian news, propaganda, and inflamed conspiracy theories. The party site TzeTze has 1.2 million Facebook fans and shares fake news supporting Putin cited to Russian-owned sources including Sputnik News . TzeTze plagiarized Russian sources, and copied the title of articles and content from Sputnik . TzeTze, another site critical of Renzi called La Cosa , and a blog by Grillo - is run by the Casaleggio Associati company started by the founder of Five Star Movement Gianroberto Casaleggio. Casaleggio's son Davide Casaleggio owns and manages TzeTze and La Cosa and the medical advisory website La Fucina that markets the anti- vaccines and medical drugs - all methods. Blog Grillo, Five Star Movement fake site using the same IP address, Google Analytics and Google Adsense.
Cyberwarfare against Renzi is on the rise, and the Italian newspaper La Stampa brings attention to false stories by Russian Today which mistakenly affirms the pro-Renzi rally in Rome is actually an anti-Renzi rally. In October 2016, the Five-Star Movement distributed a video of the Kremlin-aligned Russia Today which erroneously reportedly displays thousands of individuals protesting against a scheduled referendum December 4, 2016 in Italy - when in fact a video that lasted up to 1.5 million times seen showing supporters of the referendum. President of the Italian Chamber of Commerce, Laura Boldrini, stated: "Fake news is a critical issue and we can not ignore it We must act now." Boldrini met on 30 November 2016 with vice president of public policy in Europe for Facebook Richard Allan to voice concerns about false news. He said Facebook needs to admit they are a media company.
Moldova
Amid local elections in Moldova 2018, a documented video with a false translation translates to show that the pro-European party candidate for the mayor of Chisinau (pop 685,900), the capital of Moldova has proposed to lease Chisinau city to the UAE for 50 years. The video was watched more than 300,000 times on Facebook and almost 250,000 times on the Russian social networking site, OK.ru, which is popular with the Russian-speaking population in Moldova.
Myanmar
In 2015, fake stories use unrelated photos and fake text distributed online to support Rohingyas. Fake news negatively affects individuals in Myanmar, leading to an increase in violence against Muslims in the country. Online participation increases from one percent to 20 percent of Myanmar's total population from 2014-2016. Fake stories from Facebook are reprinted in periodicals called Facebook and Internet. False reporting associated with Islamic practitioners in the country is directly correlated with the increasing attacks on people of religion in Myanmar. The false news falsely claims that believers in Islam act in violence in Buddhist locations. BuzzFeed News documenting a direct link between false news and violence against Muslims. It notes the relatively more recent countries towards exposure to the Internet are more vulnerable to the issue of fake news and fraud.
Pakistan
Khawaja Muhammad Asif, Pakistan's defense minister, threatened to deprive Israel on Twitter after a false story claimed that Avigdor Lieberman, Israel's Defense Ministry, said: "If Pakistan sends ground troops to Syria under any pretext, we will destroy this country with nuclear attacks. "
Polish
Polish historian Jerzy Targalski notes that fake news sites have infiltrated Poland through anti-establishment and right-wing sources that copy content from Russia Today . Targalski observes there are about 20 specific fake news sites in Poland that spread Russian disinformation in the form of fake news. One of the examples cited is false news that Ukraine announced the Polish city of Przemy? L as Polish land occupied.
Swedish
The Swedish Security Service issued a report in 2015 that identifies propaganda from Russia that infiltrated Sweden in order to strengthen pro-Russian propaganda and stir up social conflicts. The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB), part of the Swedish Ministry of Defense, identified a false news report targeting Sweden in 2016 coming from Russia. Swedish Civil Charity Agency official Mikael Tofvesson stated a pattern emerged in which a critical view of Sweden was repeated. MSB identifies Russian Today and Sputnik News as a significant counterfeit news. As a result of this growing propaganda in Sweden, MSB plans to hire six additional security officials to fight back fraud information campaigns.
Taiwan
In a December 2015 report by The China Post , fake videos shared online showed people light shows made in the Shihmen Reservoir. The Northern Territory Water Resources Office insists there is no light show in the reservoir and the event has been made. Fraud leads to an increase in tourist visits to actual attractions.
Ukraine
Deutsche Welle interviewed founder Stopfake.org in 2014 about the website's efforts to eliminate false news prejudices in Ukraine, including media portrayal of Ukraine's crisis. Co-founder Margot Gontar started the site in March 2014, and was assisted by volunteers. In 2014, Deutsche Welle provided a fact-checking website with the People's Choice Award for Russian in its The BOBs effort, acknowledging excellence in advocacy on the Internet. Gontar highlighted an example disputed by the website, where a fictional "Doctor Rozovskii" reportedly told the pro-Ukrainian The Guardian the individual refused to allow him to tend to get hurt in battle with Russian supporters in 2014. Stopfake.org exposed to the event it was created - in fact no individual named "Doctor Rozovskii", and found Facebook photos distributed with the incident from different individuals from Russia with separate identities. Former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych's dismissal of power creates instability, and by 2015 the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe concludes Russia's disinformation campaign uses false news to disrupt relations between Europe and Ukraine. News financed by Russia spreading disinformation after the conflict in Ukraine motivated the European Union to find a specialist task force of the European External Service to fight the propaganda.
United Kingdom
Labor MP Michael Dugher was commissioned by Deputy Leader of Labor Party Thomas Watson in November 2016 to investigate the impact of false news that spread through social media. Watson says they will work with Twitter and Facebook to root out the "true lie" situation. Watson writes articles for The Independent where he suggests methods for responding to false news, including an internet-based society that checks facts in ways that mimic Wikipedia. Minister of Culture, Matthew Hancock, said the British government will investigate the impact of fake news and its willingness on social media sites. Watson said he welcomed an investigation into false news by the government. On December 8, 2016, the head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Alex Younger delivered a speech to reporters at MI6 headquarters where he called fake news and propaganda that undermined democracy. Younger says the MI6 mission is to combat false propaganda and news to give its government a strategic advantage in the information warfare arena, and help other countries including Europe. He calls methods such as online fake news propaganda as "a fundamental threat to our sovereignty". Younger say all democracy-prone countries should feel the same concern over false news.
In November 2016, the official Private Eye website appeared on the controversial list of over 150 "fake news" sites compiled by Melissa Zimdars, a US lecturer, even though only his website only. contains Eye investigative journalism and not its satirical content. Zimdars then removes the website from his list, after Eye contacts him for clarification.
United States
2016 selection cycle
The stories of fraud during the 2016 US presidential election popularized on Facebook include viral posts that Pope Francis has supported Donald Trump, and others that the Denzel Washington actor "supports Trump in the most epic way". Donald Trump's son and campaign confirmed Eric Trump, national security adviser Michael T. Flynn, and then campaign manager Kellyanne Conway and Corey Lewandowski shared false news during the campaign. Alternet reports that Trump itself has been the source of several related information errors over the years.
Abuse of terms
After the 2016 election, Republican politicians and conservative media began adjusting the term by using it to describe any news they see as hostile to their agenda, according to The New York Times, quoted by Breitbart News, Rush Limbaugh and supporters Donald Trump rejects the real headlines, and any news they do not like as "fake news".
AS. Responding to Russia in Syria
The Russian-operated newswire of RIA Novosti, known as Sputnik International, reports fake news and fake statements by White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest. RIA Novosti incorrectly reported on December 7, 2016 that Earnest stated sanctions for Russia were on the table linked to Syria. RIA Novosti falsely quoted Earnest as saying: "There are a number of things to consider, including some financial sanctions that the United States can manage in coordination with our allies, I certainly would not rule it out." However, the word "sanction" was never used by the Press Secretary. Russia was discussed in eight cases during a press conference, but never about sanctions. The press conference focused solely on Russian air raids in Syria against rebels who fought Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in Aleppo.
Legislative and executive responses
Members of the US Senate Intelligence Committee traveled to Ukraine and Poland in March 2016 and heard about Russian operations to influence the internal problems of Ukraine. Senator Angus King recalls that they were told about Russia "inculcating false news" during the election. On November 30, 2016 seven members of the Senate Intelligence Committee asked President Obama to publish information about Russia's role in spreading disinformation in US elections. On November 30, 2016, legislators approved actions in the National Defense Authorization Act to finance the US State Department for acting against foreign propaganda. The initiative was developed through a bipartisan bill, Fighting Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act, written by US Republican Senator Rob Portman and Democrat Chris Murphy. US Senators said they planned to hold hearings and investigate Russian influence in the 2016 US elections. Thus they opposed the preferences of president-elect President Donald Trump, who underestimated the potential for Russian intervention in the election. Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee John McCain, Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee Richard Burr, US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Bob Corker and Senator Lindsey Graham all planned investigations at the 115th US Congress.
US President Barack Obama commented on online counterfeit news in a speech the day before Election Day in 2016, saying social media spread lies and created "a cloud of nonsense dust". Obama comments again on the issue after the election: "if we can not distinguish between serious arguments and propaganda, then we have a problem." On December 9, 2016, President Obama ordered the US Intelligence Community to conduct a full review of Russian propaganda operations. In his press conference at the end of the year on December 16, 2016, President Obama criticized the hyper-partisan atmosphere to allow for the proliferation of false news.
Conspiracy theories and pizzeria 2016 attacks
In November 2016, fake news sites and internet forums misrepresented the Comet Ping Pong restaurant and Democratic Party figures as part of a fictitious children's trade ring, dubbed "Pizzagate". The rumors were widely denied by sources such as the Columbia Metropolitan Police Department, the fact-finding website Snopes.com, The New York Times, and Fox News. Restaurant owners are harassed and threatened, and improve their security. On December 4, 2016, an individual from Salisbury, North Carolina, entered the restaurant to "investigate alone" this conspiracy theory. He was carrying a semi-automatic rifle, and fired a shot before it was captured; no one hurt. The suspect told police he planned to "investigate himself" conspiracy theories, and was accused of attacking with dangerous weapons, carrying unlicensed pistols, releasing unlawful firearms, and carrying guns or rifles outside his home or business. After the incident, the future National Security Adviser Michael T. Flynn and his son Michael G. Flynn were criticized by many journalists for spreading rumors. Two days after the shooting, Trump fired Michael G. Flynn from his transition team in connection with Flynn's Twitter post about fake news. A few days after the attack, Hillary Clinton spoke of the danger of false news in a tribute speech to dismiss Sen. Harry Reid on the US Capitol, calling the issue an epidemic.
Response
Website and journal checking facts
FactCheck.org fact-checking sites, PolitiFact.com, Snopes.com and LombardiLetter.com/Fact-Check write guidelines on how to respond to fraud news. FactCheck.org advises readers to check the source, author, date, and title of the publication. They recommend their colleagues Snopes.com, The Washington Post Fact Checker, and PolitiFact.com. FactCheck.org warns consumers to be wary of confirmation bias. PolitiFact.com uses the "Fake News" tag so readers can see all Polifact's dispute. Snopes.com warns social media readers to use as a malicious tool by fraudsters. The Glenn Kessler's The Glenn Kessler The Glenn Kessler author writes that all the fact-checking sites see an increase in visitors during the 2016 election cycle. Unique visitors to The Fact Checker increased five times folding from the 2012 election. Will Moy, Full facts factoring director, said debunking should be done during a sustainable period to be effective. Complete facts work with Google to help automate fact-checking.
FactCheck.org former director of Brooks Jackson said the company's dedicated media enhanced focus on the importance of dismantling fraud during the 2016 election. FactCheck.org partnered with CNN's Jake Tapper in 2016 to examine the statement of candidate truth. Angie Drobnic Holan, editor of PolitiFact.com, warned media company leaders to support defiance, often provoking hate mail and extreme responses from fanatics. In December 2016, PolitiFact announced the false news is his choice for "Lie of the Year". PolitiFact explains its choice for this year: "By 2016, the prevalence of misuse of political facts - promulgated by the words of two polarized presidential candidates and their spirited supporters - sparks the spread of false news with unprecedented impunity." PolitiFact calls false news a significant symbol of a culture that accepts post-truth politics.
Google CEO comments and actions
In the aftermath of the 2016 US election, Google and Facebook, facing scrutiny over the impact of false news. Top results on Google for election results are fake sites. "70 News" has been fraudulently writing the wrong titles and articles that Trump won a popular vote against Clinton. Google then states that the fake site's superiority in search results is a mistake. On November 14, the "News 70" result is the second link shown when searching for election results. When asked shortly after the election whether false news affected the election results, Google CEO Sundar Pichai replied: "Sure" and went on to stress the importance of stopping the spread of fake websites. On November 14, 2016, Google responded to fraudulent site issues by banning the company from profiting from ads from traffic through its AdSense program. Google previously had a policy to refuse ads for ripoff diets and fake merchandise. Google declared on the announcement that they will work to ban ads from sources located about their destination, content or publisher. This prohibition is not expected to apply to news satire sites such as The Onion , although some satirical sites may be inadvertently blocked under the new system.
On April 25, 2017 Ben Gomes wrote a blog post announcing changes to search algorithms that would stop the "misleading, low quality, offensive or completely false information dissemination." On July 27, 2017, the World Socialist Web Site published data showing a significant decline after the April 25 announcement on Google's referral to the left-wing and anti-war websites, including the ACLU, Alternet, and Counterpunch. The World Socialist Web Site insists that the cost "false news" is a cover to remove anti-establishment websites from public access, and believes that algorithmic changes violate the democratic right of free speech.
Facebook Congress
Blocking cheating advertisers
One day after Google took action, Facebook decided to block fake sites from ads there. Facebook says they will ban ads from sites with deceptive content, including fake news, and review publisher compliance. These steps by Google and Facebook are meant to deny advertising revenue to fake news websites; no company is taking action to prevent spreading fake stories on search engine results pages or web feeds. Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg called the idea that fraudulent news impacted the 2016 election as a "crazy idea" and denied that its platform affected elections. He claims that 99% of Facebook content is not fake or deceptive news. Zuckerberg said that Facebook is not a media company. Zuckerberg advises users to check the Snopes.com fact-checking website whenever they find fake news on Facebook.
Top staff members on Facebook do not feel just blocking ad revenue from fake websites is a pretty strong response, and they make executive decisions and create secret groups to deal with the problem itself. Responding to Zuckerberg's first statement that fraud news had no impact on the 2016 election, the secret Facebook group denied this assumption, saying false news was rampant on their website during the election cycle. Secret task forces include dozens of Facebook employees.
Response
Facebook faces criticism after its decision to revoke advertising revenue from fake news providers, and takes no further action. After negative media coverage included a statement that false news provided the 2016 US presidential election to Trump, Zuckerberg posted a second time about it on November 18, 2016. The post was a reversal of his earlier comments on a matter in which he had ignored the effects of fraud. news. Zuckerberg said there was a difficulty in filtering out false news because he wanted open communication. Measures considered and not implemented by Facebook include adding the ability for users to mark questionable material, automated checking tools, and third party confirmations. The November 18th post does not announce any concrete actions that the company will take specifically, or when it will be used.
National Public Radio observes the changes that Facebook considers to identify fraud which is an improvement for the company into a new media entity. On November 19, 2016, BuzzFeed advised Facebook users they can report posts from fraudulent sites. Users can choose the report option: "I guess it should not be on Facebook", followed by: "This is the wrong news." In November 2016, Facebook began assessing the use of warning labels on fake news. The first launch is only available to some users in the testing phase. The sample warning reads: "This website is not a reliable news source. Reason: Snooze Classification". TechCrunch analyzed the new features during the testing phase and suspected it might have a false positive trend.
The proliferation of fake news on Facebook has a negative financial impact for the company. Brian Wieser of Pivotal Research estimates that earnings could fall by two percentage points due to concerns over false news and the loss of advertising money. Shortly after Mark Zuckerberg's second statement about the proliferation of false news on his website, Facebook decided to engage in helping the Chinese government with its software version in the country to allow for increased censorship by the government. Barron contributors William Pesek is very critical of this move, writing by forging a fake news riddle into China, Facebook will be a tool in the efforts of Chinese Party Secretary General Xi Jinping to improve the censorship.
Partnership with debunker
President of the Society of Professional Journalists Lynn Walsh said in November 2016 that they will reach Facebook to help weed out false news. Walsh says Facebook should evolve and recognize it to function as a media company. On November 17, 2016, the Poynter International Investigation Network (IFCN) published an open letter on the Poynter Institute website to Mark Zuckerberg, who asked him to use the facts to identify fraud on Facebook. The 2016 Zuckerberg mail signer presents a global representation of the fact-checking group, including: Africa Check, FactCheck.org, PolitiFact.com, and The Checkpoint Fact Checker. In his second post on this issue on November 18, 2016, Zuckerberg responded to the cheating news issue by suggesting the use of facts. He specifically identifies the Snopes.com fact-checking website, and points out that Facebook monitors links to the debunker in reply to comments to determine which original writing is false.
On December 15, 2016, Facebook announced more specifically in its efforts to combat fake news and hoax on its website. The company said it would form a partnership with fact-checking groups that have joined the principles of checking the facts of Poynter International Checking Network, to help fraud scams on the site. This is the first instance Facebook has ever given Facebook to a third-party entity highlighted in its News Feed, a significant motivator of online web traffic. The fact-check organization partnered with Facebook to confirm whether links posted from one person to another on the site were true or false. Facebook does not finance fact checkers, and admits that they can see an increase in traffic to their sites from partnerships.
The fact-checking organizations that join the Facebook initiative include: ABC News, The Washington Post, Snopes.com, FactCheck.org, PolitiFact, and Associated Press. Fraudulent articles will receive a warning tag: "disputed by a third-party fact checker". The company plans to start with clear hoax cases that are specifically distributed for fraudulent purposes to earn money for counterfeit news suppliers. Users can still share the tagged article, and they will appear further in the news feed with an accompanying warning. Facebook will hire staff researchers to determine if website spoofing has occurred, such as "washingtonpost.co" rather than the real washingtonpost.com. In a post on December 15th, Mark Zuckerberg acknowledged the changing nature of Facebook: "I consider Facebook a technology company, but I recognize we have greater responsibility than just building technology that flows through information.While we do not write the news you read and we also recognize that we are more than news distributors We are a new platform for public discourse - and that means we have new responsibilities to enable people to have the most meaningful conversation, and to build a space where people can be told. "
Technological tools proposed
New York magazine's contributor Brian Feldman responded to an article by media communication professor Melissa Zimdars, and used her list to create a Google Chrome extension that would alert users to fake news sites. He invites others to use his code and fix it. The up-and-coming Co-founder and Filters of Bubble author Eli Pariser launched the open source model initiative on November 17, 2016 to deliver false news. Pariser started Google Docs to collaborate with others online about how to reduce the phenomenon of fraud news. Pariser called his initiative: "Design Solutions for Fake News". Pariser documents include recommendations for ranking organizations that are analogous to the Better Business Bureau, and databases about media producers in formats such as Wikipedia. Writing for Fortune , Matthew Ingram agrees with the idea that Wikipedia can serve as a useful model for improving Facebook's analysis of potentially fake news. Ingram concludes Facebook can take advantage of social networking forms from fact checks that are similar to Wikipedia methods while incorporating debunking websites such as PolitiFact.com.
More
Pope Francis, leader of the Roman Catholic Church, spoke against false news in an interview with Belgian Catholic weekly Tertio (magazine) on December 7, 2016. The pope has previous experience as the subject of fictional news website news - during the electoral cycle US 2016, he is slandered to say he supports Donald Trump to become president. Pope Francis says the worst thing a news media can do is spread disinformation and that strengthening false news rather than educating people is a sin. He compared scandal reports that are not obscene, whether true or not, with coprophilia and consuming them for coprophagy. The Pope said that he did not mean to offend his strong words, but emphasized that "much damage can be done" when truth is ignored and fitnah spread.
Academic analysis
Jamie Condliffe writes that banning ad revenue from fraudulent sites is not aggressive enough for action by Facebook to deal with issues, and does not prevent fake news appearing on Facebook news feeds. Dartmouth College political scientist Brendan Nyhan condemned Facebook for not doing more to combat the strengthening of false news. Indiana University computer science professor Filippo Menczer commented on Google and Facebook's actions to deny fake site earnings, saying it was a good move to reduce motivation for fraudsters. The research team of Menczer is involved in developing an online tool called: Hoaxy - to see the spread of unconfirmed statements and related lies on the Internet.
Zeynep Tufekci writes critically about the establishment of Facebook on fake news websites, stating that a fake website in Macedonia takes advantage of false stories about the US election of 2016. Tufecki writes that Facebook's algorithm, and its structure exacerbate the impact of the echo chamber and increase fake news. Assistant professor of Merrimack College media studies, Melissa Zimdars, writes articles "False, Misleading, Clickbait-y and Satirical 'News' Sources" where she suggests how to determine whether the source of fraud is a fake news site. Zimdars identifies strange domain names, lack of attribution, poor layouts, use of all caps, and URLs ending in "lo" or "com.co" as red flags. Zimdars recommends checking the "About Us" page, and considering whether a reputable news channel has reported the same story.
Stanford University professors, Sam Wineburg and Sarah McGrew wrote a study in 2016 that analyzed students' ability to distinguish fraud news from facts. The study lasted for a year of time period, and involved a sample size of over 7,800 responses from universities, middle and high school students in 12 states in the United States. They are surprised at the consistency with which students think false news reports are factual. The study found that 82% of high school students can not distinguish between ads denoted as sponsored content from actual news articles. The authors conclude the solution is to educate consumers online media to themselves behave like a fact checker - and actively question the truth of all sources.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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